Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

full high definition

Толкование Перевод

1 Full HD

Монитор; Оборудование full high definition Устройства, поддерживающие разрешение 1920x1080 пикселей (видео высокой четкости).

English-Russian dictionary of computer abbreviations and terms > Full HD
2 high

1. adjective
1) (at, from, or reaching up to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: a high mountain; a high dive; a dive from the high diving-board.) høy

2) (having a particular height: This building is about 20 metres high; My horse is fifteen hands high.) høy

3) (great; large; considerable: The car was travelling at high speed; He has a high opinion of her work; They charge high prices; high hopes; The child has a high fever/temperature.) stor, voldsom, kraftig, sterk

4) (most important; very important: the high altar in a church; Important criminal trials are held at the High Court; a high official.) høy(-), høytstående

5) (noble; good: high ideals.) høy, fornem

6) ((of a wind) strong: The wind is high tonight.) sterk

7) ((of sounds) at or towards the top of a (musical) range: a high note.) høy, lys

8) ((of voices) like a child's voice (rather than like a man's): He still speaks in a high voice.) lys

9) ((of food, especially meat) beginning to go bad.) vilt som har hengt lenge nok

10) (having great value: Aces and kings are high cards.) av høy verdi
2. adverb
(at, or to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: The plane was flying high in the sky; He'll rise high in his profession.) høyt

- highly
- highness
- high-chair
- high-class
- higher education
- high fidelity
- high-handed
- high-handedly
- high-handedness
- high jump
- highlands
- high-level
- highlight 3. verb
(to draw particular attention to (a person, thing etc).) framheve, rette søkelyset mot

- highly-strung
- high-minded
- high-mindedness
- high-pitched
- high-powered
- high-rise
- highroad
- high school
- high-spirited
- high spirits
- high street
- high-tech 4. adjective
((also hi-tech): high-tech industries.) høyteknologisk

- high tide
- high treason
- high water
- highway
- Highway Code
- highwayman
- high wire
- high and dry
- high and low
- high and mighty
- the high seas
- it is high time

høy

I
subst. \/haɪ\/

1) ( hverdagslig) topp, maksimum, rekord, høyde, høydepunkt, rekordtall

2) ( meteorologi) høytrykk, høytrykksområde

3) ( kortspill) høyeste kort, høyeste trumf

4) ( hverdagslig) kick, rus, narkotikapåvirket tilstand

5) (spesielt amer., hverdagslig, forkortelse for high school) videregående skole

6) høygir, høyeste gir

from on high fra oven, fra himmelen, fra det høye

the High ( hverdagslig) storgaten (spesielt i Oxford)

hit\/reach a new high sette en ny rekord, nå nye høyder

on high i høyden, over i himmelen
II
adj.

1) høy

• a high tower

et høyt tårn

• a tower 300 feet high

et tårn som er 300 fot høyt

• high gown

høyhalset kappe

• high latitude

høy breddegrad

• the sun is high

solen står høyt

• the tide is high

det er flo

2) høyt beliggende, øvre, høy-

3) innlands-, høylands-

4) høy, høytstående, av høy rang, fornem, høyere

• a high official

en høyere tjenestemann

• of high family

fra en høytstående familie

• high(er) mathematics

høyere matematikk

• a man of high reputation

en høyt ansett mann

5) høy, opphøyd

6) fordelaktig, god

• she has a high opinion of him

7) alvorlig, graverende

8) høy-, hoved-, over-

9) høy, edel, nobel, fin, opphøyd

• a high character

en edel karakter

• high minds

edle sinn

• high quality

høy kvalitet

10) høy, stor, sterk, kraftig, intens

• high fever

høy feber

• high colour

kraftig ansiktsfarge

• high hopes

store forhåpninger

• high wind

kraftig vind

11) ( om pris eller sum) høy, dyr, kostbar

• at a high price

til en høy pris

• the highest bidder

høystbydende

12) ( om tid) høy, midt, middags-

• it is high time we went

det er på høy tid vi går

• it was high noon before he came

han kom ikke før ved middagstider

13) ( musikk) høy, lys, som ligger høyt på skalaen

• high notes

høye toner

• in a high voice

med lys stemme

14) ( om lyd) skarp, skingrende

15) hovmodig, arrogant, overlegen

• high looks

hovmodige blikk

• high words passed

det ble et heftig ordskifte

16) ekstrem, ytterliggående, ultra-

17) ( kirkelig) ortodoks, høykirkelig

• he is very high

han er svært ortodoks

18) ( hverdagslig) oppspilt, glad, oppløftet

19) (hverdagslig, om alkoholrus) animert, brisen

20) (hverdagslig, om narkotikarus) høy, påvirket, ruset

21) luksuriøs, flott, ekstravagant

• high living

flott levevis

• high feeding

god mat

22) ( om kjøtt) bedervet, harsk

23) ( om vilt) godt hengt, vellagret, med sterk viltsmak

• high flavour

viltsmak

24) (sjøfart, om vind) forklaring: som har styrke 10 på Beaufortskalaen, full storm

25) (kortspill, om kort) forklaring: av høyere verdi enn andre kort eller farger

26) (kortspill, om kort) i stand til å ta et stikk

27) ( fonetikk) høy

at high noon ( også overført) kl. 12 på dagen, når solen står høyest, middagstid

• it was the high noon of his career

det var høydepunktet i hans karriere

at high tide ved høyvann

have a high time ( hverdagslig) ha det kjempegøy

high and dry ( sjøfart) på tørt land strandet ( overført) på bar bakke, isolert, stilt utenfor, forlatt

high and low høyt og lavt

high and mighty ( hverdagslig) arrogant, storaktig, stor på det, høy i hatten, storsnutet som tilhører det øvre sosiale sjikt

high day midt på lyse dagen

• it is high day

det er midt på lyse dagen

high definition (TV) med høy oppløsning

high on something påvirket av noe

high sign se ➢ sign, 1

high Tory ultrakonservativ, erkekonservativ

high, wide and handsome ( hverdagslig) glad, sorgløs, ubekymret

• after months of worrying, he looked positively high, wide and handsome

etter måneder med bekymring, så han faktisk sorgløs ut

in high places\/quarters på høyere hold

leave someone high and dry la noen i stikken

the Most High den høyeste

of high antiquity svært gammel, av høy alder

run high ( om elv) holde på å svømme over ( om bølger) gå høyt ( om følelser) gå høyt, være intense

with a high hand egenmektig, selvrådig og vilkårlig
III
adv. \/haɪ\/

1) høyt

• high in the air

høyt til værs

• search high and low

lete høyt og lavt

• live high

leve høyt

• pay high

betale høyt

• play high

spille høyt

• sell high

selge dyrt

2) høyt, i høyt toneleie

3) sterkt, kraftig, voldsomt

• the wind was blowing high

vinden blåste kraftig

• her heart beat high

hjertet hennes banket heftig

4) (sjøfart, om seiling) høyt, skarpt, opp mot vinden

as high as så høyt som, så mye som

• it contains as high as 50 percent fat

den inneholder så mye som 50 prosent fett

feelings ran high stemningen var opphisset, bølgene gikk høyt

English-Norwegian dictionary > high
3 FHD

Монитор; Оборудование full high definition Устройства, поддерживающие разрешение 1920x1080 пикселей (видео высокой четкости).

English-Russian dictionary of computer abbreviations and terms > FHD
4 alto

1. adj high

persona tall

a voce alta in a loud voice

leggere aloud

in alto at the top

moto up

a notte alta in the middle of the night

2. m top

* * *

alto agg.

1 high; ( di statura) tall; ( di spessore) thick: quella torre è molto alta, that tower is very high; il monte è alto 2114 metri, the mountain is 2114 metres high; il ragazzo è alto per la sua età, the boy is tall for his age; una bistecca bella alta, a really thick steak // il sole era alto sull'orizzonte, the sun was high above the horizon // andare a testa alta, to hold one's head high // tenere alto il morale, to keep one's morale high

2 ( profondo) deep: qui l'acqua è alta, the water is deep here

3 ( di tessuto) wide: questa stoffa è alta 140 cm, this material is 140 cm wide

4 ( di suono) ( acuto) high, shrill; ( forte) loud: parlare a voce alta, to speak in a loud voice (o loudly)

5 ( elevato) high: il prezzo mi sembra molto alto, the price seems very high to me // (econ.): alto costo, expensiveness; alta congiuntura, boom // (med.) pressione alta, high pressure

6 (fig.) ( nobile, sublime) high, excellent; noble; un gesto di alta generosità, a very generous gesture; un uomo di alti sentimenti, a man of noble character; avere un'alta opinione di qlcu., to have a high (o excellent) opinion of s.o. // tenere alto il proprio nome, la propria reputazione, to keep one's (good) reputation

7 (fig.) ( di classe, di importanza) high; ( di grado) high-ranking, top: l'alta società, high society; l'alta finanza, high finance; l'alta matematica, higher mathematics; le classi alte, upper classes; un alto funzionario, a high-ranking (o top) official; l'alta direzione, top management; alti studi, advanced studies // l'alta stagione, the high season // alto tradimento, high treason

8 (geogr.) northern, upper: Alta Italia, Northern Italy; Alta Lombardia, Upper Lombardy

9 (st.) early: alto Medioevo, early Middle Ages

10 ( di tempo) late: la Pasqua è alta quest'anno, Easter is late this year // a giorno alto, a notte alta, late in the day, in the night

◆ s.m.

1 height, top // gli alti e bassi della vita, the ups and downs of life (o the vicissitudes of life) // un ordine venuto dall'alto, an order from the top // far cadere una cosa dall'alto, to do (o to give) sthg. condescendingly // guardare qlcu. dall'alto in basso, to look down on s.o.

2 ( cielo) heaven: un'ispirazione venuta dall' alto, an inspiration from heaven above.

alto avv.

1 high; above, up; volare alto, to fly high; mirare alto, to aim high // mani in alto!, hands up!

2 ( ad alta voce) aloud, loudly: proclamare alto che..., to proclaim loudly that...

3 (letter.) ( nobilmente) nobly.

* * *
['alto] alto (-a)
1. agg

1) (gen) high, tall

un edificio alto — a tall building

un muro alto 10 metri — a wall 10 metres high

quanto sei alto? — how tall are you?

è alto 1 metro e 80 — he's 6 foot (tall)

Marisa è più alta di me — Marisa's taller than me

Matteo è il più alto della famiglia — Matteo is the tallest in the family

andare a testa alta fig — to carry one's head high

aveva la febbre alta — she had a high temperature

salto in alto — high jump

2) (suono: elevato) high(-pitched), (forte) loud

ad alta voce — out loud, aloud

l'ha detto a voce alta perché sentissero tutti — she said it in a loud voice so that everybody would hear

abbassa un po', è troppo alto — turn it down a bit, it's too loud

ad alto rischio — high-risk

3) (fig : elevato: carica, dignitario) high, (sentimenti, pensieri) lofty, noble

avere un'alta opinione di sé — to have a high opinion of o.s.

4) (profondo: acqua) deep

in quel punto l'acqua è molto alta — the water's very deep there

essere ancora in alto mare fig — to still have a long way to go

a notte alta — in the dead of night

5) Geog

l'alta Italia — Northern Italy

l'alto Po — the upper reaches of the Po

6) (largo: tessuto) wide

2. sm

(parte superiore) top (part)

in alto — up

mani in alto! — hands up!

guardare in alto — to look up

là in alto — up there

dall'alto fig — from on high

dall'alto di — from the top of

dall'alto della torre si vede tutta la città — from the top of the tower you can see the whole city

dall'alto in o al basso — up and down

guardare dall'alto in basso qn fig — to look down on sb

alti e bassi — ups and downs

la sua carriera ha avuto alti e bassi — his career has had its ups and downs

3. avv

(volare) high

"alto" — (su casse di imballaggio) "this side up"

4.

- alta definizione

- alta fedeltà

- alta moda

- alta pressione

- alta società

- alta stagione

- alta velocità

- alto comando

- alto commissario

- l'Alto Medioevo

* * *
['alto] 1.
aggettivo

1) (di altezza considerevole) [montagna, muro, tacco] high; [albero, monumento, edificio, erba] tall; [ neve] deep; (profondo) [ acqua] deep; (spesso) [ strato] thick

un muro alto 5 metri — a five-metre high wall

2) (di statura elevata) [ persona] tall

quanto sei alto? — how tall are you? what's your height?

sono alto un metro e sessanta — I'm one metre sixty (tall)

3) (in posizione elevata)

la parte -a di — the top part of [edificio, muro]

lo scaffale più alto — the top shelf

la città -a — the upper town

il sole è alto sull'orizzonte — the sun is high above the horizon

4) (in una scala di valori) [temperatura, pressione, densità, voto, prezzo, reddito] high

avere un'-a opinione di qcn. — to have a high opinion of sb

5) (forte) [voce, suono] loud

a voce -a — [leggere, pensare] aloud, in a loud voice; [ parlare] loudly

6) mus. (acuto) [nota, tonalità] high(-pitched)

7) (in una gerarchia)

di alto rango — of high rank, high-ranking

il ceto alto — the upper class(es)

8) (nel tempo)

l'alto Medioevo — the early Middle Ages

9) (nobile) [ principio] high, noble

10) geogr. upper

l'Alta Italia — Northern Italy

Alto Egitto — Upper Egypt
2.
sostantivo maschile

1) (parte superiore) top

"alto" — (sugli imballaggi) "this side up"

2) in alto

guardare in alto — to look up

nell'angolo in alto a sinistra — in the top left-hand corner

mirare troppo in alto — to aim too high (anche fig.)

3) dall'alto from above, from the top, from on high
3.
avverbio [volare, saltare] high

alto dirigente — top o senior manager

alto funzionario — high-ranking official, senior officer

alto mare — high o open sea

alto tradimento — high treason

- a definizione — telev. high definition

- a fedeltà — high-fidelity

- a finanza — high finance

- a marea — high tide o water

- a moda — haute couture, high fashion

- a pressione — meteor. high pressure

- a società — high society

- a stagione — peak o high season

- a tensione — el. high tension o voltage

- a uniforme — dress uniform, formal o full dress

- a velocità — ferr. high speed

••

guardare qcn. dall'alto in basso — to eye sb. up and down, to look down on sb. o down one's nose at sb.

- i e bassi — ups and downs

avere degli -i e bassi — to have one's ups and downs; econ. to have peaks and troughs

mani in alto! — hands up!

andare a testa -a — to walk tall o with one's head held high

* * *

alto

/'alto/

I aggettivo

1 (di altezza considerevole) [montagna, muro, tacco] high; [albero, monumento, edificio, erba] tall; [ neve] deep; (profondo) [ acqua] deep; (spesso) [ strato] thick; un muro alto 5 metri a five-metre high wall

2 (di statura elevata) [ persona] tall; quanto sei alto? how tall are you? what's your height? sono alto un metro e sessanta I'm one metre sixty (tall)

3 (in posizione elevata) la parte -a di the top part of [edificio, muro]; lo scaffale più alto the top shelf; la città -a the upper town; il sole è alto sull'orizzonte the sun is high above the horizon

4 (in una scala di valori) [temperatura, pressione, densità, voto, prezzo, reddito] high; avere un'-a opinione di qcn. to have a high opinion of sb.

5 (forte) [voce, suono] loud; a voce -a [leggere, pensare] aloud, in a loud voice; [ parlare] loudly

6 mus. (acuto) [nota, tonalità] high(-pitched)

7 (in una gerarchia) di alto rango of high rank, high-ranking; il ceto alto the upper class(es)

8 (nel tempo) l'alto Medioevo the early Middle Ages

9 (nobile) [ principio] high, noble

10 geogr. upper; l'Alta Italia Northern Italy; Alto Egitto Upper Egypt

II sostantivo maschile

1 (parte superiore) top; "alto" (sugli imballaggi) "this side up"

2 in alto guardare in alto to look up; nell'angolo in alto a sinistra in the top left-hand corner; mirare troppo in alto to aim too high (anche fig.)

3 dall'alto from above, from the top, from on high

III avverbio

[volare, saltare] high

IDIOMS

guardare qcn. dall'alto in basso to eye sb. up and down, to look down on sb. o down one's nose at sb.; - i e bassi ups and downs; avere degli -i e bassi to have one's ups and downs; econ. to have peaks and troughs; mani in alto! hands up! andare a testa -a to walk tall o with one's head held high

\

COMPOUNDS

alto dirigente top o senior manager; alto funzionario high-ranking official, senior officer; alto mare high o open sea; alto tradimento high treason; - a definizione telev. high definition; - a fedeltà high-fidelity; - a finanza high finance; - a marea high tide o water; - a moda haute couture, high fashion; - a pressione meteor. high pressure; - a società high society; - a stagione peak o high season; - a tensione el. high tension o voltage; - a uniforme dress uniform, formal o full dress; - a velocità ferr. high speed.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > alto
5 copy

1. копия; копировать

replicated copy — идентичная копия

snapshot copy — моментальная копия

unloaded copy — разгрузочная копия

copy of the invoice — копия фактуры

certificated copy — заверенная копия

2. оттиск; репродукция; получать оттиски

bad copy — нечеткий оттиск

copy counter — счетчик оттисков

first printed copy — первый оттиск

3. лист бумаги формата 40,6?50,8 см

diazo sensitized copy sheet — лист диазоматериала

sensitized copy sheet — лист копировального материала

duplex copy sheet — лист для копирования с двух сторон

multiple copy business form — многолистная конторская форма

4. строка текста

copy chief — руководитель службы рекламных текстов

breaking in copy — делающий пропуск в тексте

to break in copy — делать пропуск в тексте

broken in copy — делал пропуск в тексте

break in copy — делать пропуск в тексте

5. тетрадь

6. экземпляр

additional copy — дополнительный экземпляр

advance copy — сигнальный экземпляр

advertizing copy — рекламный листок

autograph copy — экземпляр книги с автографом

typewriter copy — машинописный экземпляр; машинописная копия

complimentary copy — бесплатный экземпляр рекламного издания

receipted copy — экземпляр с отметкой о получении имущества

pirated copy — контрафактный экземпляр; контрафактная копия

net rate per copy — чистый доход за один экземпляр издания

7. резервная копия

prior copy — предшествующая копия

authentic copy — аутентичная копия

duplexed copy — двусторонняя копия

finished copy — обработанная копия

copy of instrument — копия документа

8. резервный экземпляр

black-and-white copy — чёрно-белый оригинал

blue copy — синяя копия, «синька»

bromide copy — отпечаток на бромсеребряной фотобумаге

camera-ready copy — оригинал, подготовленный для фотографирования; оригинал-макет

voucher copy — сигнальный экземпляр

untrimmed copy — необрезанный экземпляр

compulsory copy — обязательный экземпляр

employee's copy — редакционный экземпляр

examination copy — контрольный экземпляр

9. комплект чистых листов

processed copy sheet — готовая листовая копия

check copy — комплект чистых листов

copy sheet — лист для копирования

10. обрезанный контрольный блок

check-out copy — контрольная копия

copy block — текстовый блок

hard copy proof — контрольный отпечаток

hard copy proofing — получение контрольного отпечатка

copy block cursor — курсор управления текстовым блоком

11. откорректированная копия

certified copy — заверенная копия

copy image — изображение на копии

microfiche copy — копия микрофиши

shadow copy — дубликат; точная копия

typewritten copy — машинописная копия

12. откорректированный оригинал

crisp copy — резкая копия

cut fiche copy — отрезанная копия микрофиши; отрезанный дубликат микрофиши

cyanotype copy — синяя копия, «синька»

diazo copy — диазотипная копия

dichromatic copy — двухкрасочная копия

diplomatic copy — точная копия

dirty copy — черновик

double copy — лист бумаги формата 50,8?83,8 см

dull copy — тёмная копия

dummy copy — макет книги

duplex copy — двусторонняя копия

duplicate copy — дублетный экземпляр, дублёр

dye-line copy — светокопия

editorial copy — экземпляр для отзыва

electrophotographically produced copy — копия, полученная электрофотографическим способом, электрофотокопия

enlarged copy — увеличенная копия

copy management system — устройство подачи страниц оригинала

copy merging — соединение сюжетов; соединение оригиналов

electronic copy brushing — электронная ретушь оригинала

change from copy — изменение по сравнению с оригиналом

punched copy card — перфокарта с данными об оригинале

13. издательский оригинал

first-hand copy — копия непосредственно с оригинала

wire copy — оригинал, полученный по каналам связи

copy creative system — система создания оригинала

examined copy — копия, сличённая с оригиналом

copy density — оптическая плотность оригинала

14. переписанная начисто рукопись, беловик

film copy — копия на фотоплёнке

final copy — фотоформа

copy writer — редактор, готовящий рукопись для печати

to copy a letter out fair — переписать письмо начисто

smooth delineation copy — переписанная начисто рукопись

15. первый оттиск

top copy — первый экземпляр

first copy — первый экземпляр

16. первый экземпляр

flat copy

master order copy — экземпляр основной накладной

auditor's copy — ревизионный экземпляр документа

legal deposit copy — обязательный экземпляр

cost per copy — стоимость одного экземпляра

negotiable copy — действительный экземпляр

17. неконтрастная копия; «вялая» копия

to take a copy from the original — снять копию с подлинника

hard copy display — дисплей, изготовляющий печатную копию

full-sized copy — полноразмерная репрографическая копия

optical copy — копия, полученная проекционным способом

mirror image copy — копия с зеркальным изображением

18. непрозрачный оригинал

fluid corrected copy — оригинал, откорректированный с помощью выкрывающей жидкости

folded copy — сфальцованная тетрадь

foul copy — плохой экземпляр

free specimen copy — авторский бесплатный экземпляр

full-size copy — полноразмерная копия

fused copy — копия с термически закреплённым изображением

generic copy — комплектный оригинал

gratis copy — бесплатный экземпляр

halftone copy — растровая копия

hard copy — копия на бумаге, распечатка, документальная копия, «твёрдая» копия

hardcover copy — экземпляр книги в жёстком переплёте

high-definition copy — копия высокого разрешения

high-resolution hard copy — распечатка с высоким разрешением

inscribed copy — экземпляр с автографом

intermediate copy — промежуточная копия

justified copy — оригинал с выключенным текстом

keyboarded copy — набранный оригинал

large copy — широкоформатная копия

letter-size copy — оригинал формата 21,6?27,9 см

line copy — штриховой оригинал

lilac copy — оттиск, отпечатанный на сиреневой бумаге

live copy — подлежащий набору оригинал

machine-readable copy — машиночитаемый оригинал

magnified copy — увеличенная копия

manuscript copy — рукописный экземпляр, рукопись

marked-up copy — оригинал с разметкой

master copy — бумажная офсетная форма

continuous tone copy — тоновый оригинал

copy preparation — подготовка оригинала

reflection copy — непрозрачный оригинал

transmission copy — прозрачный оригинал

copy production — изготовление оригинала

19. микрофотокопия; микрофильм

microfilm copy — микрофотокопия

microfilm copy jacket — джеккет для копий микрофильмов

20. копия микрофильма

mirror copy — зеркальная копия

hard copy fee — плата за копию на бумажном носителе

copy check — контроль дублированием; проверка копии

high-resolution copy — копия высокого разрешения

high-definition copy — копия высокого разрешения

copy of conviction — копия вердикта о виновности

21. одноцветный оригинал

color-separated copy — цветоделенный оригинал

following the copy — придерживание оригинала

copy mounting board — паспарту для оригинала

copy entry system — система ввода оригинала

follow the copy — придерживаться оригинала

22. однокрасочная копия

multichrome copy

property copy — копия накладной

scribal copy — рукописная копия

serial copy — копия звукозаписи

annexed copy — приложенная копия

attested copy — заверенная копия

23. многоцветный оригинал

copy codes — кодированный оригинал

printer's copy — оригинал для набора

copy processing — обработка оригинала

monochrome copy — одноцветный оригинал

transparent copy — прозрачный оригинал

24. многокрасочная копия

multiple copy — дублетный экземпляр, дублёр

noncollect copies — неподобранные копии

nonreproducible copy — нерепродуцируемый оригинал

numbered copy — нумерованный экземпляр

office copy — конторский документ

opaque copy — копия на непрозрачном материале

contact copy — контактная копия

copy of a letter — копия письма

flat copy — неконтрастная копия

delayed copy — копия с задержкой

spoiled copy — бракованная копия

25. оригинал

followed the copy — придержался оригинала

multichrome copy — многоцветный оригинал

clean copy — издательский оригинал

typeset copy — набранный оригинал

copy mark-up — разметка оригинала

26. копия оригинала

original newspaper copy — оригинал газетной полосы

overexposed copy — переэкспонированная копия; передержанная копия

32-page copy — тридцатидвухстраничная тетрадь

paper copy — непереплетённый экземпляр

paste-up copy — склеенный оригинал; склеенный монтаж

personal copy — авторский экземпляр

photographic copy — фотокопия

plate copy — копия, полученная с формы; пробный оттиск

positive copy — позитивная копия

positive microfilm copy — позитивная микрофотокопия

preliminary copy — копия, используемая для перевода или переноса с неё изображения

presentation copy — экземпляр, подаренный автором, дарственный экземпляр

press copy — экземпляр для отзыва

printed copy — отпечатанная копия; оттиск

printing copy — оттиск

proof copy — пробное изображение; пробный оттиск; пробная копия

reference copy — контрольная копия

copy evidence — копия письменного доказательства

backup copy — дублирующая копия; резервная копия

carbon copy — копия, полученная через копирку

attested copy — засвидетельствованная копия

to copy a document — снять копию с документа

27. фотоформа, изготовленная способом рефлексного копирования

copy tracing — слежение при копировании

multi copy — копирование всех параметров

copy duplexing — двустороннее копирование

copy protected — защищенный от копирования

cannot do the copy — копирование невозможно

28. рефлексная копия

repetitive copy — повторная копия

reproducible copy — оригинал, который может быть репродуцирован

reproduction copy — репродуцируемый оригинал

reverse copy — зеркальная копия

review copy — экземпляр, посылаемый на рецензию

right-reading copy — прямая копия

rough copy — черновик; эскиз, набросок

sample copy — оригинал, с которого делается копия

scanned copy — сканированный оригинал

screen copy — растровая копия

screen hard copy — «экранная» копия

second-hand copy — подержанный экземпляр

sharp copy — резкая копия

simplex copy — простая копия

single copy — единственный экземпляр

size copy — объёмный макет издания

small paper copy — малоформатный экземпляр книги

working copy — рабочая копия

facsimile copy — точная копия

primary copy — основная копия

specimen copy — пробная копия

simplexed copy — простая копия

29. «вялая» копия

copy transport path — путь перемещения копии

copy outlet — выходное отверстие для копии

corrected copy — откорректированная копия

copy proofing — получение < мягкой копии>

authenticated copy — завершенная копия

30. недокументальная копия, «мягкая» копия

soft proof copy — пробное изображение

authenticated copy — заверенная копия

verified copy — заверенная копия

cutting copy — рабочая копия

past copy — последняя копия

verbal copy — точная копия

31. пробная копия

exact copy — точная копия

true copy — точная копия

draft copy — копия проекта

specimen copy — пробный экземпляр

soft copy display — дисплей для пробного изображения

32. пробный экземпляр

spoiled copy

used copy — подержанный экземпляр

copy of a bill — экземпляр векселя

author's copy — авторский экземпляр

staff copy — редакционный экземпляр

autographed copy — экземпляр с автографом

33. бракованная копия

close copy — точная копия

clear copy — чистая копия

true copy — точная копия

34. бракованный экземпляр

stapled copy — оригинал, сшитый скобами

statutory copy — обязательный экземпляр

struck copy — машинописная копия

subscription copy — экземпляр книги подписного издания

substandard copy — копия низкого качества; копия, не соответствующая техническим требованиям

tall copy — экземпляр улучшенного качества

tape corrected copy — оригинал, откорректированный с помощью белой клейкой ленты

thermic copy — термографическая копия

thickness copy — объёмный макет издания

free copy — бесплатный экземпляр

last copy — последний экземпляр

copy of data — экземпляр данных

35. прозрачный оригинал

copy lines — строки оригинала

36. прозрачная копия, диапозитив

two-sided printing copy — двухсторонний оттиск

per copy — за копию

37. машинописная копия

copy style — оформление машинописной рукописи-оригинала

38. машинописный экземпляр

uncut copy — неразрезанный экземпляр

underexposed copy — недоэкспонированная копия; недодержанная копия

unopened copy — неразрезанный экземпляр

untoned copy — копия, не проявленная тонером

English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > copy
6 изображение с высокой четкостью

1. high-definition picture

изображение с полной четкостью — full-resolution picture

2. high resolution video

четкость в центре — center resolution

четкость по вертикали — vertical resolution

ограничение четкости — limiting of resolution

телевидение высокой четкости — high definition television

телевидение повышенной четкости — high definition television

Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > изображение с высокой четкостью
7 phase

1. фаза/ фазовый

2. этап; участок; стадия

approach phase

cat A flight phase

cat C flight phase

category A flight phase

climb phase

closed-loop phase

conception phase

conceptual phase

cruise phase

definition phase

demonstration/validation phase

demval phase

descent phase

design phase

design-verification phase

exploratory phase

feasibility conceptual phase

flight phase

flight clearance phase

full-scale definition phase

high-maneuverability phase

high-workload phase

initial conceptual phase

landing phase

low-workload phase

midcourse phase

nosewheel lowering phase

project definition phase

prototype phase

spin phase

structural demonstration phase

supersonic dash phase

takeoff phase

terminal phase

touchdown phase

transit phase

transition phase

Авиасловарь > phase
8 milling

1) фрезерование || фрезерный

2) pl фрезерная стружка

3) прокатывание; вальцевание

4) измельчение, механическое измельчение; размол

•

milling by contour lines — фрезерование контурными строчками ( на копировально-фрезерном станке)

milling by means of push-buttons — фрезерование при кнопочном управлении

milling by one-way lines — фрезерование односторонними строчками ( на копировально-фрезерном станке)

milling by two-way lines — фрезерование двусторонними строчками ( на копировально-фрезерном станке)

milling to a shoulder — одновременное фрезерование торцом и периферией фрезы

milling to size — фрезерование в размер

- 2 1/2 D milling
- 2D milling
- 3D milling
- abreast milling
- adaptively controlled milling
- angular milling
- arc milling
- asymmetrical face milling
- ballnose milling
- bed-type milling
- cam milling
- carbide milling
- chemical milling
- circular interpolation milling
- circular milling
- climb milling
- climb-cut milling
- CNC milling
- conical milling
- continuous circular milling
- continuous rotary milling
- continuous-path milling
- contour form milling
- contour milling
- conventional milling
- copy milling
- cutdown milling
- cutup milling
- depth milling
- down milling
- down-cut milling
- drum milling
- dry milling
- duplex milling
- EDM milling
- elliptical milling
- end milling
- face milling
- fine milling
- finish milling
- flat milling
- form milling
- frame milling
- full horsepower milling
- full sequence picture-frame milling
- gang milling
- gear milling
- hard milling
- heavy milling
- heavy-duty milling
- helical milling
- high-definition finish milling
- high-impact milling
- high-torque milling
- high-volume milling
- hole milling
- hollow milling
- horizontal milling
- hot milling
- in milling
- in-cycle milling and drilling
- index milling
- index-base milling
- in-line milling
- intermittent feed milling
- internal milling
- interpolation milling
- inverse milling
- keyway milling
- light milling
- light-duty milling
- linear milling
- line-by-line milling
- medium-duty milling
- mirror image milling
- multiattitude rotary milling
- multiface milling
- multiple milling
- multiple-spindle milling
- multisurface milling
- NC milling
- negative rake milling
- numerical control milling
- off-axis milling
- one-pass milling
- opposed milling
- orbital milling
- ordinary milling
- out milling
- out-cut milling
- parallel milling
- parallel-line milling
- paraxial milling
- pendulum milling
- peripheral milling
- perpendicular milling
- photochemical milling
- plain milling
- plain surface milling
- plane milling
- planetary milling
- planetary thread milling
- plunge milling
- pocket milling
- point milling
- production milling
- profile milling
- progressive milling
- radius milling
- ramp milling
- recess milling
- reciprocal milling
- relief milling
- repetition milling
- rest milling
- right-angle milling
- rotary milling
- rough milling
- screw thread milling
- sculpture milling
- second operation milling
- shoulder milling
- side milling
- skin milling
- slab milling
- slot copy milling
- slot milling
- spherical milling
- spindle's clockwise/counter clockwise milling
- spiral milling
- spline milling
- station transfer milling
- step milling
- step-cut milling
- straddle milling
- straight milling
- string milling
- sweep milling
- symmetrical face milling
- taper milling
- templet milling
- thread hob milling
- thread milling
- three-axis contour milling
- three-axis surface milling
- three-side milling
- tool milling
- tracer milling
- tracer-controlled milling
- tracing milling
- transfer-base milling
- traverse milling
- ultrafast milling
- ultrasonic milling
- universal milling
- up milling
- up-cut milling
- vertical milling
- whirl milling

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > milling
9 copy

1) (издательский) оригинал

2) копия || копировать

3) оттиск; репродукция || получать оттиски

4) лист бумаги формата 40,6x50,8 см

5) строка текста (в фотонаборной машине)

6) тетрадь

7) экземпляр

- additional copy

- advance copy

- advertizing copy

- author's copy

- autograph copy

- autographic copy

- backup copy

- black-and-white copy

- blue copy

- bromide copy

- camera-ready copy

- carbon copy

- check copy

- check-out copy

- clean copy

- clear copy

- cold composition copy

- collect copies

- color-separated copy

- compulsory copy

- consistent copies

- contact copy

- continuous tone copy

- corrected copy

- crisp copy

- cut fiche copy

- cyanotype copy

- diazo copy

- dichromatic copy

- diplomatic copy

- dirty copy

- double copy

- dull copy

- dummy copy

- duplex copy

- duplicate copy

- dye-line copy

- editorial copy

- electrophotographically produced copy

- enlarged copy

- facsimile copy

- fair copy

- film copy

- final copy

- finished copy

- first printed copy

- flat copy

- fluid corrected copy

- folded copy

- foul copy

- free specimen copy

- full-size copy

- fused copy

- generic copy

- gratis copy

- halftone copy

- hard copy

- hardcover copy

- high-definition copy

- high-resolution copy

- high-resolution hard copy

- inscribed copy

- intermediate copy

- justified copy

- keyboarded copy

- large copy

- letter-size copy

- line copy

- lilac copy

- live copy

- machine-readable copy

- magnified copy

- manuscript copy

- marked-up copy

- master copy

- microfiche copy

- microfilm copy

- mirror copy

- mirror image copy

- monochrome copy

- multichrome copy

- multiple copy

- noncollect copies

- nonreproducible copy

- numbered copy

- office copy

- opaque copy

- optical copy

- original copy

- original newspaper copy

- overexposed copy

- 32-page copy

- paper copy

- paste-up copy

- personal copy

- photographic copy

- plate copy

- positive copy

- positive microfilm copy

- preliminary copy

- presentation copy

- press copy

- printed copy

- printer's copy

- printing copy

- proof copy

- reference copy

- reflection copy

- reflex copy

- repetitive copy

- reproducible copy

- reproduction copy

- reverse copy

- review copy

- right-reading copy

- rough copy

- sample copy

- scanned copy

- screen copy

- screen hard copy

- second-hand copy

- sharp copy

- simplex copy

- single copy

- size copy

- small paper copy

- smooth delineation copy

- soft copy

- soft proof copy

- specimen copy

- spoiled copy

- stapled copy

- statutory copy

- struck copy

- subscription copy

- substandard copy

- tall copy

- tape corrected copy

- thermic copy

- thickness copy

- translucent copy

- transmission copy

- transparent copy

- two-sided printing copy

- typeset copy

- typewritten copy

- uncut copy

- underexposed copy

- unopened copy

- untoned copy

- used copy

- wire copy

Англо-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > copy
10 camcorder

камкордер, видеокамера со встроенным видеомагнитофоном

- full-size camcorder
- high-definition camcorder
- n-piece camcorder

English-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > camcorder
11 drilling

бурение; сверление; высверливание

air and gas drilling — бурение с продувкой воздухом или газом

bottom supported marine drilling — бурение скважин с опорой на дно (со стационарной свайной платформы)

drilling by jetting method — бурение гидравлическим способом

drilling with salt water — бурение с промывкой солёной водой

drilling with sound vibration — вибробурение со звуковыми частотами

dual bore cluster drilling — двухствольное кустовое бурение

high velocity jet drilling — бурение с помощью высоконапорных струй жидкости

— aeration drilling

— air drilling

— air-hammer drilling

— balanced drilling

— bench drilling

— blind drilling

— bore-hole drilling

— cable drilling

— cable tool drilling

— calibration drilling

— churn drilling

— city-lot drilling

— clean drilling

— cluster drilling

— contract drilling

— core drilling

— deep drilling

— deep water drilling

— dense drilling

— development drilling

— diamond core drilling

— diamond drilling

— directed drilling

— directional drilling

— double barreled drilling

— drilling by flame

— drilling in

— drilling out

— drilling submarine wells

— drilling the pay

— drilling to completion

— drilling with air

— drilling with counterflow

— drilling with mud

— drilling with oil

— dry drilling

— exploration drilling

— exploratory drilling

— full diameter drilling

— full hole drilling

— gas drilling

— hard drilling

— heavy weight drilling

— hydraulic drilling

— hydraulic percussion drilling

— hydraulic rotary drilling

— infill drilling

— jet bit drilling

— jet drilling

— jetting drilling

— large-hole drilling

— machine drilling

— marine drilling

— mechanized drilling

— mist drilling

— moderate drilling

— multi-hole drilling

— multiple drilling

— offshore drilling

— oil well drilling

— old-well deeper drilling

— optimized drilling

— original drilling

— outstep drilling

— overbalanced drilling

— pellet impact drilling

— percussion drilling

— permafrost drilling

— petroleum drilling

— pier drilling

— plug drilling

— pressure drilling

— probe drilling

— prospect drilling

— random drilling

— reduced-pressure drilling

— rock drilling

— rod drilling

— rotary drilling

— rotary-percussion drilling

— rough drilling

— salt-dome drilling

— scattered drilling

— self-cleaning drilling

— shallow drilling

— shelf drilling

— shot drilling

— simultaneous drilling

— slant hole drilling

— test drilling

— top hole drilling

— tough drilling

— underbalanced drilling

— underwater drilling

— up-hole drilling

— water flush drilling

— water jet drilling

— water well drilling

— well drilling

— wild-cat drilling

* * *

1. бурение

2. pl. буровой шлам, буровая мелочь

air reverse circulation drilling — бурение с продувкой забоя воздухом и обратной циркуляцией

cluster directional drilling of slant — кустовое наклонно направленное бурение

downhole electric motor drilling — бурение погружным электробуром

drilling off the whipstock — бурение со стационарного отклонителя

drilling with localized mud circulation — бурение с местной промывкой

drilling without drill pipe — беструбное бурение

hydroturbine downhole motor drilling — гидротурбинное бурение

— abrasive jet drilling

— aerated-fluid drilling

— air drilling

— air percussion drilling

— angled drilling

— angular drilling

— appraisal drilling

— auger drilling

— balanced drilling

— blasthole drilling

— branched-hole drilling

— cable drilling

— cable tool drilling

— Canadian drilling

— chain bit drilling

— chemical drilling

— churn drilling

— close-spaced surface drilling

— close-spaced underground drilling

— cluster drilling

— combination drilling

— compressed-air drilling

— controlled-angle drilling

— core drilling

— counter-flush core drilling

— cover drilling

— Craelius method drilling

— deep-hole drilling

— deep-water drilling

— deep-well drilling

— definition drilling

— development drilling

— diamond drilling

— direct circulation drilling

— direct-air-circulation drilling

— directional drilling

— double directional drilling

— double inclinated drilling

— double-tube drilling

— downhole drilling

— downhole percussion drilling

— down-the-hole drilling

— drilling for gas

— drilling for oil

— drilling with explosives

— drilling without returns

— dry drilling

— dry percussive drilling

— dry-hole drilling

— electric bottom-hole drilling

— electrohydraulic drilling

— electron beam drilling

— erosion drilling

— exploration drilling

— fan drilling

— flame-jet drilling

— fluid core drilling

— flush drilling

— foam drilling

— full-hole drilling

— gas drilling

— guided drilling

— high-frequency drilling

— horizontal drilling

— hydraulic drilling

— hydropercussion drilling

— infill drilling

— injection drilling

— jet drilling

— jet-piercing drilling

— jetted-particle drilling

— key-well drilling

— laser drilling

— magnetostriction drilling

— mist drilling

— multidirectional drilling

— multihole drilling

— multiple drilling

— nonpressure drilling

— offshore drilling

— on-land drilling

— oriented drilling

— overbalanced drilling

— pellet-impact drilling

— Pennsylvanian drilling

— percussion drilling

— percussive-rotary drilling

— pneumatic drilling

— pressure drilling

— production drilling

— remote automated drilling

— reverse-circulation core drilling

— rod-tool drilling

— roller-bit drilling

— rotary drilling

— rotary-percussion drilling

— rotation drilling

— safe drilling

— sample drilling

— secondary drilling

— shot drilling

— simultaneous drilling

— single-pass drilling

— slim-hole drilling

— straight-hole drilling

— structure drilling

— subgrade drilling

— test drilling

— thermal drilling

— thermic drilling

— turbine motor drilling

— ultradeep drilling

— underbalanced drilling

— underwater drilling

— vertical drilling

— vibration drilling

— vibratory-percussion drilling

— vibratory-rotary drilling

— wash drilling

— water-assisted drilling

— wet drilling

— wireline core drilling

* * *

бурение

* * *

1) бурение; сверление; высверливание || буровой; бурильный

2) pl выбуренная порода

3) pl буровой шлам, буровая мука; буровая мелочь

4) pl скважины

5) pl алмазы величиной от 4 до 23 штук на карат

•

drilling afloat — бурение наплаву;

drilling ahead — 1) бурение ниже башмака обсадной колонны ( на значительную глубину) 2) бурение, опережающее проходку горной выработки;

drilling by flame — 1) термическое бурение 2) прожигание скважин;

drilling by jetting method — 1) бурение гидравлическим способом 2) гидромониторное бурение;

drilling deeper — углубка скважины;

drilling for gas — бурение на газ;

drilling for oil — бурение на нефть;

drilling for structure — картировочное бурение;

drilling for water — бурение на воду;

drilling free — вращение долота на забое без углубки ();

drilling from floating vessel — бурение с плавучего основания;

drilling in cramped quarter — бурение глубоких скважин из выработки малого сечения;

drilling into abnormal pressure zone — бурение в зоне высокого давления;

not drilling — простаивающий ();

drilling off the whipstock — бурение со стационарного отклонителя;

drilling on the bottom — чистое бурение;

drilling out of cement plug — разбуривание цементной пробки;

drilling suspended indefinitely — бурение прекращено на неопределённое время;

drilling the pay — разбуривание продуктивного пласта;

drilling to completion — бурение до проектной глубины;

drilling to predetermined depth — бурение до проектной глубины;

drilling to projected depth — бурение до проектной глубины;

drilling with aerated fluid — бурение с промывкой аэрированной жидкостью;

drilling with aerated formation water — бурение с промывкой аэрированными пластовыми водами;

drilling with air — бурение с очисткой забоя воздухом;

drilling with counterflow — бурение с обратной промывкой;

drilling with explosives — взрывное бурение;

drilling with localized mud circulation — бурение с местной промывкой;

drilling with mud — бурение с промывкой буровым раствором;

drilling with oil — бурение с промывкой раствором на углеводородной основе;

drilling with salt water — бурение с промывкой солёной водой;

drilling with sound vibration — вибробурение со звуковыми частотами;

drilling without drill pipe — беструбное бурение;

drilling without returns — бурение с полным поглощением бурового раствора в стволе скважины

- drilling of underwater wells
- drilling of submarine wells
- abrasive jet drilling
- aerated-fluid drilling
- aerated-mud drilling
- aeration drilling
- air drilling
- air-and-gas drilling
- air-and-stable-foam drilling
- air-flush drilling
- air-hammer drilling
- air-hammer rotary drilling
- air-motor drilling
- air-percussion drilling
- air-reverse-circulation drilling
- angled drilling
- angular drilling
- anomaly drilling
- appraisal drilling
- arc drilling
- auger drilling
- balanced drilling
- barge drilling
- bench drilling
- blasthole drilling
- blind drilling
- borehole drilling
- bottom supported marine drilling
- bottomhole circulation drilling
- bottom-supported offshore drilling
- branched-hole drilling
- cable drilling
- cable-churn drilling
- cable-Pennsylvanian drilling
- cable-rotary drilling
- cable-tool drilling
- calibration drilling
- Calyx drilling
- Canadian drilling
- carbide percussion drilling
- chain bit drilling
- checkerboard drilling
- chemical drilling
- chilled-shot drilling
- churn drilling
- churn flame drilling
- city-lot drilling
- clean drilling
- close drilling
- close-spaced surface drilling
- close-spaced underground drilling
- cluster drilling
- cluster directional drilling of slant
- combination drilling
- compressed air drilling
- continuous penetration drilling
- contract drilling
- control angle drilling
- controlled drilling
- controlled-angle drilling
- core drilling
- counterflush drilling
- counterflush core drilling
- cover drilling
- Craelius method drilling
- deep drilling
- deep-hole drilling
- deep-water drilling
- deep-well drilling
- definition drilling
- dense drilling
- development drilling
- diamond drilling
- diamond core drilling
- direct-air-circulation drilling
- direct-circulation drilling
- directed drilling
- directional drilling
- directional drilling of slant holes
- double-barreled drilling
- double-directional drilling
- double-hand drilling
- double-inclinated drilling
- double-simultaneous drilling
- double-tube drilling
- downhole drilling
- downhole electrical motor drilling
- downhole hammer drilling
- downhole percussion drilling
- downhole turbine motor drilling
- down-the-hole drilling
- drainhole drilling
- drive-pipe drilling
- dry drilling
- dry-hole drilling
- dry percussive drilling
- dual-bore cluster drilling
- dual-hole simultaneous drilling
- dust-free drilling
- dustless drilling
- easy drilling
- electrical drilling
- electrical arc drilling
- electrical bottomhole drilling
- electrohydraulic drilling
- electrojet drilling
- electron beam drilling
- erosion drilling
- erosion jet drilling
- exhaust gas drilling
- exploration drilling
- exploratory drilling
- explosion drilling
- extended reach drilling
- failure-free drilling
- fan drilling
- flame drilling
- flame-jet drilling
- floating drilling
- fluid circulating drilling
- fluid core drilling
- flush drilling
- foam drilling
- formation drilling
- full-diameter drilling
- full-hole drilling
- gas drilling
- gas-well drilling
- geological drilling
- group drilling
- grout-hole drilling
- guided drilling
- hand drilling
- hand churn drilling
- hand hammer drilling
- hard-rock drilling
- heavy weight drilling
- high-frequency drilling
- high-frequency percussion drilling
- high-velocity jet drilling
- hooded dry drilling
- horizontal drilling
- horizontal branched-hole drilling
- horizontal-drainhole drilling
- horizontal-radial diamond drilling
- horizontal-ring drilling
- hydraulical drilling
- hydraulical percussion drilling
- hydraulical rotary drilling
- hydrodynamical drilling
- hydropercussion drilling
- hydropercussion rotary drilling
- hydroturbine downhole motor drilling
- implosion drilling
- inclination drilling
- induction drilling
- infill drilling
- injection drilling
- instrumental drilling
- intermediate hole drilling
- inverted oil emulsion drilling
- jet drilling
- jet-bit drilling
- jet-erosion drilling
- jet-piercer drilling
- jet-piercing drilling
- jetted-particle drilling
- jetting drilling
- jump drilling
- key well drilling
- large-hole drilling
- laser drilling
- lateral drilling
- line drilling
- line-hole drilling
- line-well drilling
- long-hole drilling
- machine drilling
- magnetostriction drilling
- magnetostriction rotary drilling
- marine drilling
- mechanical drilling
- mechanized drilling
- Mesabi structural drilling
- microbit drilling
- mist drilling
- moderate drilling
- mud-circulating drilling
- mud-powered hammer drilling
- multidirectional drilling
- multihole drilling
- multiple drilling
- multiple-plan drilling
- noncore drilling
- nonpressure drilling
- offset drilling
- offshore drilling
- oil-emulsion drilling
- oil-mud drilling
- oil-well drilling
- old-well deeper drilling
- one-man drilling
- on-land drilling
- optimized drilling
- oriented drilling
- original drilling
- outstep drilling
- overbalanced drilling
- overburden drilling
- overhead drilling
- parallel hole drilling
- pay drilling
- pellet impact drilling
- Pennsylvanian drilling
- percussion drilling
- percussion-air drilling
- percussion-rod drilling
- percussion-rotation drilling
- percussive drilling
- percussive-machine drilling
- percussive-rotary drilling
- performance drilling
- permafrost drilling
- petroleum drilling
- pier drilling
- pillar extraction drilling
- pilot drilling
- pipe-driving drilling
- pipeless drilling
- pipeless downhole electrical motor drilling
- placer drilling
- plasma drilling
- plug drilling
- pneumatical drilling
- preliminary drilling
- pressure drilling
- probe drilling
- production drilling
- prospect drilling
- pulsed jet drilling
- push-button drilling
- push-feed drilling
- quick-blow drilling
- radial drilling
- random drilling
- rapid-blow drilling
- reduced-pressure drilling
- remote automated drilling
- reverse-circulation core drilling
- ring drilling
- rock drilling
- rocket drilling
- rod drilling
- rod-tool drilling
- roller-bit drilling
- rope drilling
- rotary drilling
- rotary-percussion drilling
- rotary-turbine drilling
- rotation drilling
- rotation-vibropercussion drilling
- rough drilling
- run-to-waste drilling
- safe drilling
- salt-dome drilling
- sample drilling
- scattered drilling
- seam drilling
- secondary drilling
- sectional steel drilling
- self-cleaning drilling
- shaft drilling
- shallow drilling
- shaped charge drilling
- shelf drilling
- ship-side drilling
- shock-wave drilling
- shot drilling
- shot core drilling
- shothole drilling
- simultaneous drilling
- single-hand drilling
- single-pass drilling
- single-row drilling
- slant-hole drilling
- slim-hole drilling
- sonic combination drilling
- spark drilling
- spindle feed drilling
- spring-pole drilling
- steel-shot drilling
- straight-ahead drilling
- straight-hole drilling
- straight-hole directional drilling
- stratigraphic test drilling
- structure drilling
- subgrade drilling
- submarine drilling
- subsurface drilling
- superdeep drilling
- surface drilling
- surface blasthole drilling
- surface hole drilling
- tension drilling
- test drilling
- test-hole drilling
- test-well drilling
- thermal drilling
- top hammer drilling
- top hole drilling
- tough drilling
- town-lot drilling
- triple-hole simultaneous drilling
- trouble-free drilling
- tungsten-carbide drilling
- turbine motor drilling
- ultradeep drilling
- ultrasonic drilling
- underbalanced drilling
- underground drilling
- underwater drilling
- up-hole drilling
- upper-hole drilling
- vacuum drilling
- vertical drilling
- vertical ring drilling
- vibration drilling
- vibratory drilling
- vibratory-percussion drilling
- vibratory-rotary drilling
- vibropercussion drilling
- vibropercussion rotary drilling
- wash drilling
- water drilling
- water-assisted drilling
- water-flush drilling
- water-jet drilling
- water-well drilling
- well drilling
- wet drilling
- wild-cat drilling
- wireline drilling
* * *

Отдел бурения

Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > drilling
12 hole

1. скважина, ствол скважины || бурить скважину

2. отверстие; дыра || просверливать, делать отверстие

3. шурф, выработка малого сечения || закладывать шпуры

4. проушина

— anchor hole

— approach hole

— bell hole

— big hole

— blank hole

— blast hole

— bleed hole

— blind hole

— bore hole

— bottom hole

— branch hole

— bridged hole

— bug hole

— bung hole

— cased hole

— caving hole

— circulating hole

— conductor hole

— core hole

— crooked hole

— dead-end hole

— deviating hole

— dib hole

— directional hole

— discharge hole

— downward sloping hole

— drain hole

— drill hole

— dry hole

— end hole

— escape hole

— flushing hole

— follow-up hole

— full hole

— gauge hole

— grout hole

— guide hole

— high-pressure hole

— hole in

— horizontal hole

— in-gauge hole

— injected hole

— inspection hole

— kelly hole

— kelly's rat hole

— key hole

— key seated hole

— lost hole

— main hole

— make hole

— misdirected hole

— mouse hole

— naked hole

— near gauge hole

— open hole

— open-end hole

— original hole

— outlet hole

— oversize hole

— perforated hole

— pilot hole

— pin hole

— plug hole

— post hole

— powder hole

— prospect hole

— province hole

— proving hole

— rat hole

— record hole

— relief hole

— roof hole

— scout hole

— screen hole

— shot hole

— side hole

— sight hole

— slab hole

— slant hole

— slim hole

— small hole

— snake hole

— tapped hole

— tapping hole

— test hole

— thief hole

— threaded hole

— through hole

— tight hole

— top hole

— unfair hole

— up hole

— water hole

— weep hole

— wet hole

* * *

1. скважина

2. отверстие

— bell hole

— blast hole

— blind hole

— cable-tool hole

— cased hole

— caved hole

— center hole

— charge hole

— core hole

— crooked hole

— definition hole

— diamond drill hole

— discovery hole

— drain hole

— drill hole

— dry hole

— empty hole

— exploratory hole

— freeze hole

— grout hole

— inclined hole

— injected hole

— investigation hole

— line hole

— long hole

— monitoring hole

— observation hole

— offshore hole

— open hole

— probe hole

— prospect hole

— relief hole

— security hole

— shot hole

— slant hole

— slim hole

— sticky hole

— test hole

— thief hole

— to ream hole

— wet hole

* * *

скважина; ствол скважины, отверстие, углубление; шурф (синонимы: mousehole, rathole)

* * *

1. отверстие; перфорация

2. буровая скважина

* * *

1) скважина; буровая скважина; ствол скважины

2) шпур || закладывать шпур

3) отверстие ()

4) выработка малого сечения

5) перфорационное отверстие

•

hole full of oil — скважина заполнена нефтью;

hole full of salt water — ствол, заполненный солёной водой;

hole full of sulfur water — ствол, заполненный водой, содержащей сероводород;

hole full of water — скважина заполнена водой;

hole gone to water — нефтяная скважина, из которой стала поступать только вода;

hole per bit — проходка на одну коронку ();

to carry a dry hole — бурить сухую скважину ();

to carry a wet hole — бурить сухую скважину ();

to cut a hole — бурить скважину;

to drill a hole — бурить скважину;

to flush a hole — промывать ствол скважины;

to hole in — забуривать скважину;

to keep the hole of gage — поддерживать диаметр ствола скважины близким к номинальному;

to line the hole — крепить скважину обсадной колонны;

to make a hole — бурить скважину; давать проходку, вести проходку;

to open a hole — разбуривать башмак обсадной колонны;

to ream hole — расширять ствол скважины;

to seal a hole — закрывать скважину;

to wash a hole — промывать ствол скважины;

went back in a hole — вновь спущенный в скважину;

went in a hole — спущенный в ствол скважины

- advance hole
- air hole
- angled hole
- angled snubbing hole
- angular hole
- auger hole
- bare hole
- barren hole
- bell hole
- bench hole
- big hole
- blank hole
- blast hole
- bleed hole
- blind hole
- bore hole
- bottom hole
- branch hole
- bridged hole
- bug hole
- bung hole
- cable-tool hole
- cased hole
- caved hole
- cave-obstructed hole
- casing hole
- caving hole
- center hole
- charge hole
- churn-drill hole
- circulating hole
- clean hole
- collared hole
- conductor hole
- consolidation hole
- core hole
- cover hole
- crooked hole
- curtain hole
- curved hole
- curving hole
- cushion hole
- dead-end hole
- deadman hole
- deep hole
- definition hole
- deviating hole
- deviated hole
- dia hole
- diamond drilling hole
- dib hole
- dip hole
- directional hole
- discharge hole
- discovery hole
- dog-leg hole
- down hole
- downward sloping hole
- drain hole
- drain branch hole
- drill hole
- drilled hole
- dry hole
- dry hole drilled deeper
- dry hole reentered
- easier hole
- electron beam hole
- elliptical cross-section hole
- elongated cross-section hole
- empty hole
- end hole
- escape hole
- exit hole
- exploration drill hole
- exploratory hole
- favorable-size hole
- filled hole
- filler hole
- filling hole
- flat hole
- fluid-filled hole
- flushing hole
- follow-up hole
- freeze hole
- full-gage hole
- full-gage branch hole
- gage hole
- gas-escape hole
- gas-filled hole
- geophone hole
- gone-off hole
- grout hole
- guide hole
- hammer-drill hole
- high-angle hole
- high-pressure hole
- horizontal hole
- horizontally branched hole
- inclined hole
- in-gage hole
- injected hole
- inspection hole
- intentionally deviated hole
- intermediate hole
- investigation hole
- jet hole
- junked hole
- kelly hole
- kelly rat hole
- key hole
- key seated hole
- large-size hole
- limber hole
- line hole
- lined hole
- liquid-filled hole
- long hole
- lost hole
- lubrication hole
- main hole
- meteorite hole
- mining hole
- misdirected hole
- monitoring hole
- mouse hole
- multiple shot holes
- naked hole
- near gage hole
- observation hole
- offshore hole
- old hole
- open hole
- open-end hole
- original hole
- outlet hole
- out-of-gage hole
- oval-shaped hole
- oversized hole
- parent hole
- pattern holes
- percussion hole
- percussion test hole
- perforated hole
- pilot hole
- pin hole
- plug hole
- pointed-out hole
- post hole
- powder hole
- probe hole
- production hole
- prospecting hole
- protection hole
- province hole
- proving hole
- rat hole
- record hole
- relief hole
- rifled hole
- ring holes
- roof hole
- rough hole
- round hole
- rugose hole
- rust hole
- scout hole
- screen hole
- security hole
- short hole
- shot hole
- shot-drill hole
- shot-open hole
- shrinkage hole
- side hole
- side water hole
- sight hole
- slab hole
- slant hole
- slim hole
- small hole
- small diameter hole
- snake hole
- spiral hole
- spudded-in hole
- sticky hole
- straight hole
- stratigraphic hole
- sump hole
- surface hole
- tapped hole
- tapping hole
- test hole
- thief hole
- threaded hole
- through hole
- tight hole
- top hole
- uncased hole
- undergage hole
- undersized hole
- unfair hole
- up hole
- upward hole
- upward pointing hole
- velocity-test hole
- vertical hole
- vug hole
- washout hole
- water hole
- water-filled hole
- weep hole
- well drill hole
- wet hole
- woodpecker hole
* * *

• буровая скважина

• выработка малого сечения

• делать отверстие

• закладывать шпур

• закладывать шпуры

• отверстие

• перфорационное отверстие

• проушина

Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > hole
13 por

prep.

1 because of (causa).

por mí no te preocupes don't worry about me

¿por qué? why?

¿por qué lo dijo? why did she say it?

¿por qué no vienes? why don't you come?

¿por? (informal) why?

se enfadó por tu comportamiento she got angry because of your behavior

lo hizo por amor he did it out of o for love

2 (in order) to.

lo hizo por complacerte he did it to please you

lo hice por ella I did it for her

3 by (medio, modo, agente).

por mensajero/fax/teléfono by courier/fax/telephone

estuvimos hablando por teléfono we were talking on the phone

por escrito in writing

lo cogieron por el brazo they took him by the arm

el récord fue batido por el atleta the record was broken by the athlete

4 through.

vamos por aquí/allí let's go this/that way

iba paseando por el bosque/la calle she was walking through the forest/along the street

pasar por la aduana to go through customs

5 for (a cambio de, en lugar de).

lo ha comprado por poco dinero she bought it for very little

cambió el coche por la moto he exchanged his car for a motorbike

él lo hará por mí he'll do it for me

6 per.

80 céntimos por unidad 80 cents each

mil unidades por semana a thousand units a o per week

uno por uno one by one

20 kms por hora 20 km an o per hour

7 for.

baja por tabaco go down to the shops for some cigarettes, go down to get some cigarettes

a por for

vino a por las entradas she came for the tickets

8 times, multiplied by.

* * *

por

► preposición

1 (gen) for

■ lo hice por ti I did it for you

■ lo compré por dos euros I bought it for two euros

2 (a través de) through, by

■ entra por la puerta trasera come in by the back door

■ pasamos por Valladolid we went through Valladolid

■ iremos por la autopista we'll go on the motorway

3 (calle, carretera) along, down, up

■ íbamos por la calle cuando... we were walking along the street when...

■ subí por la Calle Jovellanos I went up Jovellanos Street

4 (lugar aproximado) in, near, round

■ anda por el edificio he's somewhere in the building

■ está por la Plaza Mayor it's somewhere near the Plaza Mayor

■ está por aquí it's somewhere round here

5 (causa) because of

■ las plantas han muerto por el frío the plants have died because of the cold

■ suspendieron el concierto por la lluvia they cancelled the concert because of the rain

6 (tiempo) at, for

■ nos veremos por vacaciones I'll see you during the holidays

7 (medio) by

■ lo enviaré por avión I'll send it by air

■ está hablando por teléfono he's on the phone

■ llegó por correo it arrived by post

8 (autoría) by

■ fue escrito por Azorín it was written by Azorín

9 (distribución) per

■ cinco por ciento five per cent

■ tocamos a dieciocho euros por persona it works out at eighteen euros per person

■ iba a veinte kilómetros por hora it was going at twenty kilometres an hour

10 (tras) by

■ registraron la cárcel celda por celda they searched the prison cell by cell

■ les interrogó uno por uno he interrogated each one in turn

11 (con pasiva) by

■ fue comprado por la reina it was bought by the queen

12 (a favor de) for, in favour of, US in favor of

■ estoy por una amnistía general I'm in favour of a general amnesty

13 (en calidad de) as

■ la tomó por esposa he took her as his wife

14 (en lugar de) instead of, in the place of

■ ve tú por mi you go in my place

15 (multiplicado por) times, multiplied by

■ tres por cuatro, doce three fours are twelve, three times four is twelve

16 por adjective que no matter how adjective

■ por caro que sea, lo voy a comprar no matter how expensive it is I'm going to buy it

■ por viejo que parezca funciona even though it looks old, it still works

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

estar por + inf (a punto de) to be on the point of + - ing

estar por hacer to remain to be done, not to have been done yet

por aquí around here

por lo tanto therefore

por lo visto apparently

por más que + subjuntivo however much, no matter how much

por mucho que + subjuntivo however much, no matter how much

por mí as far as I am concerned

¿por qué? why?

por supuesto of course

por tanto therefore, so

* * *

prep.

1) for

2) during

3) by

4) through

5) along

6) around

7) per

8) from

9) because of

10) instead of

•

- ¿por qué?

- por si acaso

* * *

PREPOSICIÓN

1) [causa]

a) + sustantivo because of

tuvo que suspenderse por el mal tiempo — it had to be cancelled because of the weather

no se realizó por escasez de fondos — it didn't go ahead because of a shortage of funding

• nos encontramos por casualidad — we met by chance

• lo hago por gusto — I do it because I like to

• fue por necesidad — it was out of necessity

• por temor a — for fear of

no se lo dijo por temor a ofenderla — he didn't tell her for fear of offending her

b) + infin

no aprobó por no haber estudiado — he didn't pass because he hadn't studied

por venir tarde se perdió la mitad — because he arrived late he missed half of it

me castigaron por mentir — I was punished for lying

c) + adj

le expulsaron por revoltoso — they expelled him for being a troublemaker

lo dejó por imposible — he gave it up as (being) impossible

esto te pasa por tonto — this is what you get for being stupid

2) [objetivo]

a) + sustantivo for

trabajar por dinero — to work for money

daría lo que fuera por un poco de tranquilidad — I'd give anything for a bit of peace and quiet

brindemos por nuestro futuro — let's drink to our future

b) + infin

lo hizo por complacerle — he did it to please her

por no llegar tarde — so as not to arrive late, in order not to be late

hablar por hablar — to talk for the sake of talking

3) (=en favor, defensa de) for

lo hice por mis padres — I did it for my parents

hazlo por mí — do it for me, do it for my sake

luchar por la patria — to fight for one's country

4) [elección]

su amor por la pintura — his love of painting

está loca por ti — she's crazy about you

no sabía por cuál decidirme — I couldn't decide which to choose

5) [evidencia] judging by, judging from

por lo que dicen — judging by o from what they say

por la cara que pone no debe de gustarle — judging by o from his face I don't think he likes it

por las señas no piensa hacerlo — apparently he's not intending to do it, it doesn't seem like he's intending to do it

6) [medio]

por su propia mano — by his own hand

lo obtuve por un amigo — I got it through a friend

la conozco por mi hermano — I know her through my brother

• por correo — by post

• por mar — by sea

• hablar por señas — to use sign language

7) [agente] by

hecho por él — done by him

"dirigido por" — "directed by"

fueron apresados por la policía — they were captured by the police

8) [modo] by

me agarró por el brazo — he grabbed me by the arm

punto por punto — point by point

buscaron casa por casa — they searched house by house

están dispuestos por tamaños — they are arranged according to size o by size

• por orden alfabético — in alphabetical order

9) [lugar]

se va por ahí — it's that way

¿por dónde? — which way?

ir a Bilbao por Santander — to go to Bilbao via Santander

cruzar la frontera por Canfranc — to cross the border at Canfranc

pasar por Madrid — to go through Madrid

se asomaron por la ventana — they leaned out of the window

iban cantando por la calle — they were walking along the street singing

paseábamos por la playa — we were walking along the beach

por todas partes — everywhere

por todo el país — throughout the country

viajar por el mundo — to travel (around) the world

10) [aproximación]

busca por ahí — look over there

viven por esta zona — they live around here

por aquí cerca — near o around here

aquello ocurrió por abril — it happened around April

por la feria — round about o around carnival time

está por el norte — it's somewhere up north

11) [tiempo]

se levanta por la mañana temprano — she gets up early in the morning

por la mañana siempre tengo mucho trabajo — I always have a lot of work in o during the morning

no sale por la noche — he doesn't go out at night

12) [duración] for

será por poco tiempo — it won't be for long

se quedarán por 15 días — they will stay for a fortnight

13) [sustitución, intercambio] (=a cambio de) for; (=en lugar de) instead of

te doy este por aquel — I'll swap you this one for that one

le dieron uno nuevo por el viejo — they gave him a new one (in exchange) for the old one

lo vendí por 15 dólares — I sold it for 15 dollars

me dieron 13 francos por una libra — I got 13 francs to the pound

hoy doy yo la clase por él — today I'm giving the class for him o in his place

ha puesto B por V — he has put B instead of V

14) [representación]

hablo por todos — I speak on behalf of o for everyone

interceder por algn — to intercede on sb's behalf, intercede for sb

diputado por Madrid — a member of parliament for Madrid

vino por su jefe — he came instead of o in place of his boss

15) [distribución]

10 dólares por hora — 10 dollars an hour

80km por hora — 80km per o an hour

revoluciones por minuto — revolutions per minute

tres dólares por persona — three dollars each, three dollars per person

16) [en multiplicaciones]

cinco por tres, quince — five times three is fifteen, five threes are fifteen

mide 6 metros de alto por 4 de ancho — it is 6 metres high by 4 wide

17) (=en cuanto a)

por mí no hay inconveniente — that's fine as o so far as I'm concerned

por mí, que se vaya — as o so far as I'm concerned he can go, for all I care he can go

por mí, como si quieres pasar una semana sin comer — I don't care if you want to go for a week without eating

si por mi fuera, tú estarías trabajando — if it were o was down to me, you'd be working

18) (=como)

• tomar a algn por esposo/esposa — to take sb to be one's husband/wife

• le dan por muerto — they have given him up for dead

• le tienen por tonto — they think he's stupid

19) [concesión]
+ subjun
por (muy) difícil que sea — however hard it is o may be

por mucho que lo quisieran — however much they would like to, much as they would like to

por más que lo intente — no matter how o however hard I try, try as I might

20) [acción inacabada]
+ infin
quedan platos por lavar — there are still some dishes to do

aún me quedan tres páginas por traducir — I still have three pages left to translate

21) ir (a) por algo/algn (=en busca de) to go and get sth/sb

ha ido (a) por vino — she's gone to get some wine

voy por el médico — I'll go and fetch o get the doctor

voy a por él — [a buscarle] I'll go and get him; [a atacarle] I'm going to get him

solo van a por las pelas — * they're only in it for the money

¡a por ellos! — get them!

- ir a por todas

22) [en preguntas]
por qué why
¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

no tengo por qué ir — there's no reason why I should go
¿por? * why (do you ask)?
* * *

preposición

Sentido I

1) ( en relaciones causales) because of

lo he puesto aquí por el gato — I've put it here because of the cat

por falta de dinero — because of o owing to lack of money

eso te pasa por crédulo — that's what you get for being (so) gullible

por naturaleza — by nature

por necesidad — out of necessity

tanto por su precio como por su calidad — both for its price and its quality

fue por eso que vine — that was why I came

si no fuera por mi hijo... — if it wasn't for my son...

fue elogiado por su actuación — he was praised for his performance

por + inf — for -ing

me pidió perdón por haberme mentido — he apologized for lying o for having lied to me

2) ( según)

por lo que he oído — from what I've heard

por lo que parece... — it seems o it would seem...

3) (en locs)

por qué — why

¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

por si — in case; acaso, mosca II

4) ( en expresiones concesivas)

por más que me esfuerzo — however hard o no matter how hard I try

por (muy) fácil que sea — however easy o no matter how easy it is

5)

a) ( en expresiones de modo)

colócalos por orden de tamaño/altura — put them in order of size/height

por orden de altura — in order of height

por adelantado — in advance

por escrito — in writing

b) ( indicando el medio)

se lo comunicaron por teléfono — they told him over the phone

lo dijeron por la radio — they said it on the radio

por avión/barco/carretera — by air/sea/road

la conocí por la voz — I recognized her by her voice

me enteré por un amigo — I heard from o through a friend

lo intenté por todos los medios — I tried everything possible o every possible way

c) (Educ) from

es doctor honoris causa por Oxford — he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford

6)

a) ( en relaciones de proporción)

cobra $30 por clase — he charges $30 a o per class

120 kilómetros por hora — 120 kilometers an o per hour

lo venden por metro — they sell it by the meter

tú comes por tres — you eat enough for three people

había un hombre por cada dos mujeres — there was one man to every two women

tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho — it's three meters long by one meter wide

es bastante por hoy — it's enough for today

uno por uno — one by one; ciento II

b) ( en multiplicaciones)

tres por cuatro (son) doce — three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

7)

a) (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación) for

su secretaria firmó por él — his secretary signed for him o on his behalf

yo puedo ir por ti — I can go for you o in your place

podrías pasar por inglesa — you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman

es senador por Sevilla — he's a senator for Seville

b) ( como)

por ejemplo — for example

¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? — do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

8) ( introduciendo el agente) by

compuesto por Mozart — composed by Mozart

se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta — they were caught in a sudden storm

Sentido II

9) (expresando finalidad, objetivo)

pelearse por algo — to fight over something

lo hace por el dinero — he does it for the money

te lo digo por tu bien — I'm telling you for your own good

no tengo por qué ir — there's no reason why I should go

por + inf: daría cualquier cosa por verla — I'd give anything to see her

no entré por no molestar — I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him

eso es hablar por hablar — that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it

por que + subj ( here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan — he was eager for them to listen to him

lucharon por que se hiciera justicia — they fought for justice to be done

10) (indicando consideración, favor) for

por mí no lo hagas — don't do it just for me o for my sake

11) (indicando inclinación, elección)

su amor por la música — her love of music

demostró interés por el cuadro — he showed interest in the painting

no siento nada por él — I don't feel anything for him

opté por no ir — I chose not to go

votó por ella — he voted for her

12) ( en busca de)

salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan — he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

13) ( en lo que respecta a)

por mí no hay inconveniente — I don't mind

por mí que haga lo que quiera — as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

14) ( indicando una situación pendiente)

por + inf: tengo la casa por limpiar — I've got the house to clean

estos cambios aún están por hacer — these changes are yet to be made

eso está por ver! — we'll see about that!

15) (esp AmL)

estar por + inf — ( estar a punto de)

deben (de) estar por llegar — they should be arriving any minute

la leche está por hervir — the milk's about to boil

Sentido III

16) (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria)

entró por la ventana — he came in through the window

no va a pasar por la puerta — it won't go through the door

sal por aquí — go out this way

se cayó por la escalera — he fell down the stairs

subieron por la ladera este — they went up by the east face

¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? — does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

fuimos por el camino más largo — we took the longer route

¿por dónde has venido? — which way did you come?

¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? — could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

17)

a) ( expresando lugar indeterminado)

está por ahí — he's over there somewhere

¿por dónde está or queda el hotel? — whereabouts is the hotel?

viven por mi barrio — they live around my area

¿qué tal te fue por Londres? — how did you get on in London?

por todos lados or por todas partes — everywhere

b) ( expresando lugar determinado)

corta por aquí — cut here

voy por la página 15 — I'm up to o I'm on page 15

empieza por el principio — start at the beginning

agárralo por el mango — hold it by the handle

c) ( indicando extensión)

por todo el país — throughout the (whole) country

viajamos por el norte de Francia — we travelled around o in the North of France

pasa un trapo por el piso — give the floor a quick wipe; ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera, encima, etc

Sentido IV

18) ( expresando tiempo aproximado)

por aquella época or por aquel entonces — at that time

sucedió allá por 1960 — it happened some time back around 1960

19) (Esp) ( indicando una ocasión) for

me lo regaló por mi cumpleaños — she gave it to me for my birthday

20) ( durante) for

por los siglos de los siglos — for ever and ever

por el momento or por ahora — for the time being o for now; ver tb mañana III, tarde II, noche

* * *

= across, along, around, because of, by, by, down, for the sake of, in connection with, in the gift of, on account of, on the grounds that/of, per, through, times, under, x, as a matter of, out of, through the agency of.

Ex. This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.

Ex. This means that a large number of messages can be combined together along the same line, giving economies of scales.

Ex. I wouldn't expect you to be detailed in your report in terms of where the bookmible would stop around town and where you'd park it.

Ex. This makes him feel somehow defficient and all because of his difficulty in making sense out of words in print with which his troubles began.

Ex. A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.

Ex. Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.

Ex. Some users find the format of KWIC indexes unacceptable, they find alphabetical arrangement by keywords down the centre of a page, and wrapped-round titles awkward.

Ex. The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.

Ex. There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.

Ex. Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.

Ex. Partly on account of the variety of bases for coverage there is significant overlap between the assortment of abstracting and indexing services.

Ex. AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.

Ex. Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.

Ex. The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.

Ex. 4 days times 30 cents per day = 120 cents.

Ex. One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.

Ex. Card catalogues or indexes comprise a set of cards often 5x3 inches (122x72 mm), with each entry on a separate card.

Ex. Most drivers stop at stop signs: Some do under duress -- there may be a policeman concealed in nearby bushes, others as a matter of prudence -- a fast car with the right of way can be injurious.

Ex. But these and other interested people collected this type of books out of a mixture of curiosity and sentiment.

Ex. This article argues that critical thinking, a long sought after goal in the US educational system, may be taught efficiently through the agency of library use instructions within the college environment.

----

* actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.

* aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).

* aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.

* búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.

* coger por sorpresa = catch out.

* Día + por la tarde = late + Día.

* digamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* dominar por completo = sweep + the board.

* encontrar por casualidad = come across.

* encuadernación por encargo = bespoke binding.

* error por omisión = omission failure.

* estar por delante de = be ahead of.

* hecho por encargo = bespoke.

* introducir por primera vez = pioneer.

* leer por encima = browse.

* llamar por teléfono = call up.

* muy por encima de todo = over and above all.

* Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.

* ordenado por fecha = in date order.

* pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], skip over, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by.

* pongamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* por accidente = accidentally.

* por adelantado = advance, in advance (of), up-front [up front].

* por ahí = out there.

* por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.

* por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.

* por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.

* por algún motivo = for whatever reason.

* por algún tiempo = for sometime.

* por allí = nearby [near-by].

* por amor al arte = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por analogía = by analogy.

* por anticipado = in advance (of).

* por antonomasia = quintessential, unique.

* por añadidura = in addition (to), on top of everything else.

* por aquel entonces = at the time, about that time, by this time.

* por aquí = around here, nearby [near-by], round here.

* por aquí y por allí = hanging about.

* por así decir = as it were.

* por boca de = by word of mouth.

* por bondad = out of the goodness of + Posesivo + heart.

* por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.

* por buen camino = a step in the right direction.

* por cabeza = per person.

* por cable = wireline, corded.

* por caminos apartados = off-road.

* por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], layered, tiered.

* por casualidad = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por chiripa = by chance, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).

* por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.

* por coincidencia = by coincidence.

* por comodidad = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por completo = fully.

* por confirmar = to be announced, to be confirmed.

* por consideración a = out of respect for.

* por consideración a = out of consideration for.

* por consiguiente = consequently, then, thence, by implication, therefore.

* por contra = in contrast.

* por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por correo = by post, mailed.

* por cortesía de = courtesy of.

* por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.

* por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.

* por cuanto que = because.

* por cuenta ajena = vicariously.

* por cuenta de uno = privately.

* por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.

* por curiosidad = out of curiosity.

* por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.

* por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.

* por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.

* por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.

* por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.

* por debajo de las posibilidades = below + Posesivo + capabilities.

* por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.

* por debajo de lo óptimo = sub-optimal [suboptimal].

* por debajo del peso nomral = underweight.

* por décadas = ten-yearly.

* por decidir = to be decided.

* por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.

* por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.

* por decirlo de algún modo = in a manner of speaking, so to speak.

* por decisión propia = by choice.

* por defecto = by default, default.

* por deferencia a = in deference to.

* por definición = by definition.

* por delante = ahead.

* por delante de = ahead of.

* por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.

* por delante y por detrás = front and back.

* por dentro = inwardly.

* por desgracia = unfortunately, sadly, unhappily, disappointingly.

* por despecho = spitefully, out of spite.

* ¡por dios! = in heaven's name, for God's sake, gosh.

* ¡por Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por diversión = for sport, for fun, (just) for the hell of (doing) it, for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por divertirse = for kicks.

* por doquier = all around.

* por dos años = two-year.

* por ejemplo = e.g. (latín - exempli gratia), for example, for instance, say, to illustrate, for the sake of + argument.

* por (el) amor a = for the love of.

* ¡por el amor de Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* por el cual = whereby, whereupon.

* por el detalle = for detail.

* por el día = by day, daytime [day-time], during the daytime, in the daytime, during daytime.

* por el día o por la noche = day or night.

* por el día y por la noche = day and night, night and day.

* por elección propia = by choice.

* por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.

* por el gobierno federal = federally.

* por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.

* por el hombre = humanly.

* por ello = on this basis, on that basis, accordingly.

* por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.

* por el modo = by the way.

* por el momento = for the time being, momentarily, at the moment, for the nonce, for the present.

* por el placer de hacerlo = (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.

* por el receptor = at the receiving end.

* por el sexo = gendered.

* por encargo = custom, bespoke.

* por encima = overhead, cursorily.

* por encima de = across, beyond, beyond all, over, over and above, beyond the range of, well over + Expresión Numérica, overarching, above.

* por encima de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.

* por encima de eso = beyond that.

* por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.

* por encima de la media = above average.

* por encima de la tierra = aboveground.

* por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.

* por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.

* por ende = thereby, accordingly, therefore.

* por enfado = out of anger.

* por enojo = out of anger.

* por error = by mistake.

* por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.

* por escrito = in writing, in print, written.

* por eso = on that score, therefore.

* por eso que = hence.

* por esta razón = for this reason.

* por esta única razón = for this reason alone.

* por este motivo = for this reason.

* por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.

* por etapas = staged.

* por excelencia = par excellence, quintessential, unique.

* por exceso = excessively, to excess.

* por explotar = untapped.

* por + Expresión Temporal = by the + Expresión Temporal.

* por extensión = by extension.

* por extenso = in full, at length.

* por falta de = for want of, for lack of.

* por fases = staged.

* por favor = please.

* por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].

* por fin = at length, at last, finally, at long last.

* por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).

* por frustración = out of frustration.

* por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.

* por grupos = in batches.

* por gusto = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por hora = hourly.

* por horas = on an hourly basis.

* por igual = alike, on an equitable basis, equally, in equal measure(s).

* por imitación = copycat.

* por incremento gradual = incremental.

* por incrementos graduales = incrementally.

* por individuo = per capita, per person.

* por iniciativa de = at the instigation of, under the auspices of.

* por instinto = instinctively.

* por interés = out of interest.

* por interés personal = self-interested.

* por investigar = unresearched.

* por invitación = invitational.

* por invitación de = at the invitation of.

* por la borda = overboard.

* por la cantidad de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por la forma = by the way.

* por la friolera de + Cantidad = to the tune of + Cantidad.

* por la fuerza = forcibly.

* por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.

* por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.

* por la manera = by the way.

* por la mañana = in the morning.

* por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.

* por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.

* por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.

* por la presente = hereby.

* por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.

* por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.

* por las nubes = soaring.

* por la tarde = in the evening.

* por ley = mandated.

* por libre = freelance.

* por línea telefónica = over the telephone line.

* por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.

* por lo pronto = for the time being.

* por lo que = so.

* por lo que concierne a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, so far as + Nombre + be concerned.

* por lo que concierne a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.

* por lo que es = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que incumbe a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.

* por lo que se refiere a = moving on to.

* por lo que son = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.

* por los pelos = by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, close call, close shave.

* por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.

* por los suelos = in tatters.

* por lo tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por lo visto = apparently, apparently.

* por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.

* por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.

* por mal camino = astray.

* por más que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por materias = subject-based, topically.

* por mecionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention only a few.

* por medio = out of.

* por medio de = by means of, by way of, in the form of, through, via, via the medium of, by dint of, through the agency of.

* por medio de isótopos = isotopically.

* por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.

* por medio de una agencia = on a bureau basis.

* por mencionar sólo algunos = to mention but a few of, to mention only a few.

* por mencionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention but a few of, to name only some.

* por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.

* por menús = menu-driven.

* por méritos = meritorious.

* por mes = per month.

* por miedo de = for fear of/that.

* por millones = in the millions, by the millions.

* por mor de = because of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.

* por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.

* por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.

* por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.

* por muchas razones = in many ways.

* por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + que + Subjuntivo = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + Verbo.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.

* por muy + Adjetivo + be = Adjetivo + though + Nombre + be.

* por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.

* por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.

* por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy mentira que parezca = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, strangely enough, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.

* por nada = for nothing.

* por nada del mundo = for the life of me.

* por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por naturaleza = by nature, by definition, characteristically, natural-born, naturally, inherently.

* por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.

* por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.

* por no decir algo peor = to put it mildly.

* por no decir nada de = to say nothing of.

* por no decir nunca = if ever.

* por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.

* por nombrar (sólo) + Número = to name (only) + Número.

* por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.

* por nombrar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por + Nombre = on a + Adjetivo + basis.

* por no mencionar = not to mention.

* por norma = as a rule.

* por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.

* por orden de = mandated.

* por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.

* por orden de llegada = on a first come first served basis.

* por orden numérico = in numerical order.

* por otra parte = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side.

* por otro lado = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.

* por parejas = in pairs.

* por parte de = on the part of.

* por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.

* por pasar el rato = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por pereza = lazily.

* por + Período de Tiempo = for + Expresión Temporal.

* por persona = per person.

* por placer = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por poco dinero = cheaply.

* por poco o nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por poderes = by proxy.

* por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.

* por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.

* por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + parte = for + Posesivo + part.

* por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.

* por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.

* por principio = on principle.

* por principios = as a matter of principle.

* por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.

* por + Pronombre + mismo = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.

* por propia iniciativa = self-directed.

* por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.

* por pura diversión = for kicks.

* por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por qué = why.

* por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.

* por razones de = for the sake of.

* por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.

* por razones éticas = on moral grounds.

* por razones morales = on moral grounds.

* por razones personales = for personal reasons.

* por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.

* por rencor = out of spite.

* por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.

* por rumores = grapevine.

* por rutina = routinely.

* por sacos = by the sackful.

* por satélite = satellite-based.

* por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.

* por seguridad = for safety reasons.

* por semana = per week.

* por separado = at different times, in isolation, separately, singly.

* por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.

* por sexo = along gender lines.

* por si = in the chance that.

* por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec, for good measure.

* por si casualidad = in the chance that.

* por si era poco = for good measure.

* por si fuera poco = to boot, for good measure, to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.

* por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.

* por sí mismo = for its/their own sake, in itself, in + Posesivo + own right, itself, unto + Reflexivo, in and of + Reflexivo.

* por sí mismos = in themselves.

* por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.

* por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].

* por sí solo = by itself, for its/their own sake, on its own, in and of + Reflexivo, in itself.

* por sí solos = by themselves, in themselves.

* por si + tener + suerte = on spec.

* por sorpresa = unawares.

* por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.

* por suerte = luckily, fortunately, happily.

* por suerte o por desgracia = for better or (for) worse, by luck or misfortune.

* por su naturaleza = by + Posesivo + nature.

* por su papel = in its role.

* por su parte = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.

* por su propio derecho = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.

* ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid, heaven forbid.

* por suscripción = subscriber + Nombre.

* por su volatilidad = mercurially.

* por su volubilidad = mercurially.

* por tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por teléfono = on the telephone, by tele(phone), over the phone, over the telephone.

* por temas = topically.

* por temor a = for fear of/that.

* por temor a represalias = under duress.

* por término medio = on average.

* por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].

* por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.

* por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].

* por toda la provincia = province-wide.

* por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.

* por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.

* por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.

* por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].

* por todo el continente = continent-wide.

* por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].

* por todo el gobierno = government-wide.

* por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.

* por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.

* por todo el servicio = service-wide.

* por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.

* por todo + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.

* por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.

* por todos conocido = well-known.

* por todos lados = left, right and centre, far and wide.

* por todos los medios = by all means.

* por todos sitios = everywhere.

* por triplicado = in triplicate.

* por trueque = in kind.

* por turnos = on a rotating basis, on a rota basis, on a rota system, on a rota.

* por última vez = for the last time, one last time.

* por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.

* por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.

* por una lado... por otro = at one end... at the other.

* por unanimidad = unanimously.

* por una parte = on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un gran margen = by a huge margin.

* por un gustazo, un trancazo = a kingdom for a kiss.

* por unidad = per unit.

* por un lado = for one, on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.

* por un momento = for a moment.

* por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own, for + Reflexivo.

* por unos momentos = for a few moments, for a short time.

* por uno solo = solo.

* por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.

* por un tiempo = for a time.

* por un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come, for indefinite time.

* por valor de + Cantidad = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.

* por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.

* por venganza = out of spite.

* por voluntad propia = voluntarily.

* quedar por ver = remain + to be seen.

* tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.

* transporte por tierra = land transport.

* utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.

* venta al por mayor = wholesaling.

* * *

preposición

Sentido I

1) ( en relaciones causales) because of

lo he puesto aquí por el gato — I've put it here because of the cat

por falta de dinero — because of o owing to lack of money

eso te pasa por crédulo — that's what you get for being (so) gullible

por naturaleza — by nature

por necesidad — out of necessity

tanto por su precio como por su calidad — both for its price and its quality

fue por eso que vine — that was why I came

si no fuera por mi hijo... — if it wasn't for my son...

fue elogiado por su actuación — he was praised for his performance

por + inf — for -ing

me pidió perdón por haberme mentido — he apologized for lying o for having lied to me

2) ( según)

por lo que he oído — from what I've heard

por lo que parece... — it seems o it would seem...

3) (en locs)

por qué — why

¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

por si — in case; acaso, mosca II

4) ( en expresiones concesivas)

por más que me esfuerzo — however hard o no matter how hard I try

por (muy) fácil que sea — however easy o no matter how easy it is

5)

a) ( en expresiones de modo)

colócalos por orden de tamaño/altura — put them in order of size/height

por orden de altura — in order of height

por adelantado — in advance

por escrito — in writing

b) ( indicando el medio)

se lo comunicaron por teléfono — they told him over the phone

lo dijeron por la radio — they said it on the radio

por avión/barco/carretera — by air/sea/road

la conocí por la voz — I recognized her by her voice

me enteré por un amigo — I heard from o through a friend

lo intenté por todos los medios — I tried everything possible o every possible way

c) (Educ) from

es doctor honoris causa por Oxford — he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford

6)

a) ( en relaciones de proporción)

cobra $30 por clase — he charges $30 a o per class

120 kilómetros por hora — 120 kilometers an o per hour

lo venden por metro — they sell it by the meter

tú comes por tres — you eat enough for three people

había un hombre por cada dos mujeres — there was one man to every two women

tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho — it's three meters long by one meter wide

es bastante por hoy — it's enough for today

uno por uno — one by one; ciento II

b) ( en multiplicaciones)

tres por cuatro (son) doce — three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

7)

a) (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación) for

su secretaria firmó por él — his secretary signed for him o on his behalf

yo puedo ir por ti — I can go for you o in your place

podrías pasar por inglesa — you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman

es senador por Sevilla — he's a senator for Seville

b) ( como)

por ejemplo — for example

¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? — do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

8) ( introduciendo el agente) by

compuesto por Mozart — composed by Mozart

se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta — they were caught in a sudden storm

Sentido II

9) (expresando finalidad, objetivo)

pelearse por algo — to fight over something

lo hace por el dinero — he does it for the money

te lo digo por tu bien — I'm telling you for your own good

no tengo por qué ir — there's no reason why I should go

por + inf: daría cualquier cosa por verla — I'd give anything to see her

no entré por no molestar — I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him

eso es hablar por hablar — that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it

por que + subj ( here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan — he was eager for them to listen to him

lucharon por que se hiciera justicia — they fought for justice to be done

10) (indicando consideración, favor) for

por mí no lo hagas — don't do it just for me o for my sake

11) (indicando inclinación, elección)

su amor por la música — her love of music

demostró interés por el cuadro — he showed interest in the painting

no siento nada por él — I don't feel anything for him

opté por no ir — I chose not to go

votó por ella — he voted for her

12) ( en busca de)

salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan — he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

13) ( en lo que respecta a)

por mí no hay inconveniente — I don't mind

por mí que haga lo que quiera — as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

14) ( indicando una situación pendiente)

por + inf: tengo la casa por limpiar — I've got the house to clean

estos cambios aún están por hacer — these changes are yet to be made

eso está por ver! — we'll see about that!

15) (esp AmL)

estar por + inf — ( estar a punto de)

deben (de) estar por llegar — they should be arriving any minute

la leche está por hervir — the milk's about to boil

Sentido III

16) (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria)

entró por la ventana — he came in through the window

no va a pasar por la puerta — it won't go through the door

sal por aquí — go out this way

se cayó por la escalera — he fell down the stairs

subieron por la ladera este — they went up by the east face

¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? — does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

fuimos por el camino más largo — we took the longer route

¿por dónde has venido? — which way did you come?

¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? — could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

17)

a) ( expresando lugar indeterminado)

está por ahí — he's over there somewhere

¿por dónde está or queda el hotel? — whereabouts is the hotel?

viven por mi barrio — they live around my area

¿qué tal te fue por Londres? — how did you get on in London?

por todos lados or por todas partes — everywhere

b) ( expresando lugar determinado)

corta por aquí — cut here

voy por la página 15 — I'm up to o I'm on page 15

empieza por el principio — start at the beginning

agárralo por el mango — hold it by the handle

c) ( indicando extensión)

por todo el país — throughout the (whole) country

viajamos por el norte de Francia — we travelled around o in the North of France

pasa un trapo por el piso — give the floor a quick wipe; ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera, encima, etc

Sentido IV

18) ( expresando tiempo aproximado)

por aquella época or por aquel entonces — at that time

sucedió allá por 1960 — it happened some time back around 1960

19) (Esp) ( indicando una ocasión) for

me lo regaló por mi cumpleaños — she gave it to me for my birthday

20) ( durante) for

por los siglos de los siglos — for ever and ever

por el momento or por ahora — for the time being o for now; ver tb mañana III, tarde II, noche

* * *

= across, along, around, because of, by, by, down, for the sake of, in connection with, in the gift of, on account of, on the grounds that/of, per, through, times, under, x, as a matter of, out of, through the agency of.

Ex: This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.

Ex: This means that a large number of messages can be combined together along the same line, giving economies of scales.

Ex: I wouldn't expect you to be detailed in your report in terms of where the bookmible would stop around town and where you'd park it.

Ex: This makes him feel somehow defficient and all because of his difficulty in making sense out of words in print with which his troubles began.

Ex: A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.

Ex: Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.

Ex: Some users find the format of KWIC indexes unacceptable, they find alphabetical arrangement by keywords down the centre of a page, and wrapped-round titles awkward.

Ex: The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.

Ex: There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.

Ex: Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.

Ex: Partly on account of the variety of bases for coverage there is significant overlap between the assortment of abstracting and indexing services.

Ex: AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.

Ex: Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.

Ex: The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.

Ex: 4 days times 30 cents per day = 120 cents.

Ex: One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.

Ex: Card catalogues or indexes comprise a set of cards often 5x3 inches (122x72 mm), with each entry on a separate card.

Ex: Most drivers stop at stop signs: Some do under duress -- there may be a policeman concealed in nearby bushes, others as a matter of prudence -- a fast car with the right of way can be injurious.

Ex: But these and other interested people collected this type of books out of a mixture of curiosity and sentiment.

Ex: This article argues that critical thinking, a long sought after goal in the US educational system, may be taught efficiently through the agency of library use instructions within the college environment.

* actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.

* aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).

* aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.

* búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.

* coger por sorpresa = catch out.

* Día + por la tarde = late + Día.

* digamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* dominar por completo = sweep + the board.

* encontrar por casualidad = come across.

* encuadernación por encargo = bespoke binding.

* error por omisión = omission failure.

* estar por delante de = be ahead of.

* hecho por encargo = bespoke.

* introducir por primera vez = pioneer.

* leer por encima = browse.

* llamar por teléfono = call up.

* muy por encima de todo = over and above all.

* Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.

* ordenado por fecha = in date order.

* pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], skip over, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by.

* pongamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* por accidente = accidentally.

* por adelantado = advance, in advance (of), up-front [up front].

* por ahí = out there.

* por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.

* por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.

* por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.

* por algún motivo = for whatever reason.

* por algún tiempo = for sometime.

* por allí = nearby [near-by].

* por amor al arte = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por analogía = by analogy.

* por anticipado = in advance (of).

* por antonomasia = quintessential, unique.

* por añadidura = in addition (to), on top of everything else.

* por aquel entonces = at the time, about that time, by this time.

* por aquí = around here, nearby [near-by], round here.

* por aquí y por allí = hanging about.

* por así decir = as it were.

* por boca de = by word of mouth.

* por bondad = out of the goodness of + Posesivo + heart.

* por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.

* por buen camino = a step in the right direction.

* por cabeza = per person.

* por cable = wireline, corded.

* por caminos apartados = off-road.

* por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], layered, tiered.

* por casualidad = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por chiripa = by chance, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).

* por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.

* por coincidencia = by coincidence.

* por comodidad = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por completo = fully.

* por confirmar = to be announced, to be confirmed.

* por consideración a = out of respect for.

* por consideración a = out of consideration for.

* por consiguiente = consequently, then, thence, by implication, therefore.

* por contra = in contrast.

* por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por correo = by post, mailed.

* por cortesía de = courtesy of.

* por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.

* por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.

* por cuanto que = because.

* por cuenta ajena = vicariously.

* por cuenta de uno = privately.

* por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.

* por curiosidad = out of curiosity.

* por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.

* por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.

* por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.

* por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.

* por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.

* por debajo de las posibilidades = below + Posesivo + capabilities.

* por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.

* por debajo de lo óptimo = sub-optimal [suboptimal].

* por debajo del peso nomral = underweight.

* por décadas = ten-yearly.

* por decidir = to be decided.

* por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.

* por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.

* por decirlo de algún modo = in a manner of speaking, so to speak.

* por decisión propia = by choice.

* por defecto = by default, default.

* por deferencia a = in deference to.

* por definición = by definition.

* por delante = ahead.

* por delante de = ahead of.

* por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.

* por delante y por detrás = front and back.

* por dentro = inwardly.

* por desgracia = unfortunately, sadly, unhappily, disappointingly.

* por despecho = spitefully, out of spite.

* ¡por dios! = in heaven's name, for God's sake, gosh.

* ¡por Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por diversión = for sport, for fun, (just) for the hell of (doing) it, for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por divertirse = for kicks.

* por doquier = all around.

* por dos años = two-year.

* por ejemplo = e.g. (latín - exempli gratia), for example, for instance, say, to illustrate, for the sake of + argument.

* por (el) amor a = for the love of.

* ¡por el amor de Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* por el cual = whereby, whereupon.

* por el detalle = for detail.

* por el día = by day, daytime [day-time], during the daytime, in the daytime, during daytime.

* por el día o por la noche = day or night.

* por el día y por la noche = day and night, night and day.

* por elección propia = by choice.

* por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.

* por el gobierno federal = federally.

* por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.

* por el hombre = humanly.

* por ello = on this basis, on that basis, accordingly.

* por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.

* por el modo = by the way.

* por el momento = for the time being, momentarily, at the moment, for the nonce, for the present.

* por el placer de hacerlo = (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.

* por el receptor = at the receiving end.

* por el sexo = gendered.

* por encargo = custom, bespoke.

* por encima = overhead, cursorily.

* por encima de = across, beyond, beyond all, over, over and above, beyond the range of, well over + Expresión Numérica, overarching, above.

* por encima de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.

* por encima de eso = beyond that.

* por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.

* por encima de la media = above average.

* por encima de la tierra = aboveground.

* por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.

* por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.

* por ende = thereby, accordingly, therefore.

* por enfado = out of anger.

* por enojo = out of anger.

* por error = by mistake.

* por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.

* por escrito = in writing, in print, written.

* por eso = on that score, therefore.

* por eso que = hence.

* por esta razón = for this reason.

* por esta única razón = for this reason alone.

* por este motivo = for this reason.

* por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.

* por etapas = staged.

* por excelencia = par excellence, quintessential, unique.

* por exceso = excessively, to excess.

* por explotar = untapped.

* por + Expresión Temporal = by the + Expresión Temporal.

* por extensión = by extension.

* por extenso = in full, at length.

* por falta de = for want of, for lack of.

* por fases = staged.

* por favor = please.

* por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].

* por fin = at length, at last, finally, at long last.

* por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).

* por frustración = out of frustration.

* por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.

* por grupos = in batches.

* por gusto = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por hora = hourly.

* por horas = on an hourly basis.

* por igual = alike, on an equitable basis, equally, in equal measure(s).

* por imitación = copycat.

* por incremento gradual = incremental.

* por incrementos graduales = incrementally.

* por individuo = per capita, per person.

* por iniciativa de = at the instigation of, under the auspices of.

* por instinto = instinctively.

* por interés = out of interest.

* por interés personal = self-interested.

* por investigar = unresearched.

* por invitación = invitational.

* por invitación de = at the invitation of.

* por la borda = overboard.

* por la cantidad de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por la forma = by the way.

* por la friolera de + Cantidad = to the tune of + Cantidad.

* por la fuerza = forcibly.

* por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.

* por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.

* por la manera = by the way.

* por la mañana = in the morning.

* por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.

* por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.

* por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.

* por la presente = hereby.

* por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.

* por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.

* por las nubes = soaring.

* por la tarde = in the evening.

* por ley = mandated.

* por libre = freelance.

* por línea telefónica = over the telephone line.

* por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.

* por lo pronto = for the time being.

* por lo que = so.

* por lo que concierne a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, so far as + Nombre + be concerned.

* por lo que concierne a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.

* por lo que es = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que incumbe a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.

* por lo que se refiere a = moving on to.

* por lo que son = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.

* por los pelos = by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, close call, close shave.

* por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.

* por los suelos = in tatters.

* por lo tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por lo visto = apparently, apparently.

* por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.

* por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.

* por mal camino = astray.

* por más que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por materias = subject-based, topically.

* por mecionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention only a few.

* por medio = out of.

* por medio de = by means of, by way of, in the form of, through, via, via the medium of, by dint of, through the agency of.

* por medio de isótopos = isotopically.

* por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.

* por medio de una agencia = on a bureau basis.

* por mencionar sólo algunos = to mention but a few of, to mention only a few.

* por mencionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention but a few of, to name only some.

* por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.

* por menús = menu-driven.

* por méritos = meritorious.

* por mes = per month.

* por miedo de = for fear of/that.

* por millones = in the millions, by the millions.

* por mor de = because of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.

* por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.

* por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.

* por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.

* por muchas razones = in many ways.

* por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + que + Subjuntivo = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + Verbo.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.

* por muy + Adjetivo + be = Adjetivo + though + Nombre + be.

* por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.

* por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.

* por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy mentira que parezca = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, strangely enough, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.

* por nada = for nothing.

* por nada del mundo = for the life of me.

* por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por naturaleza = by nature, by definition, characteristically, natural-born, naturally, inherently.

* por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.

* por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.

* por no decir algo peor = to put it mildly.

* por no decir nada de = to say nothing of.

* por no decir nunca = if ever.

* por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.

* por nombrar (sólo) + Número = to name (only) + Número.

* por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.

* por nombrar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por + Nombre = on a + Adjetivo + basis.

* por no mencionar = not to mention.

* por norma = as a rule.

* por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.

* por orden de = mandated.

* por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.

* por orden de llegada = on a first come first served basis.

* por orden numérico = in numerical order.

* por otra parte = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side.

* por otro lado = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.

* por parejas = in pairs.

* por parte de = on the part of.

* por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.

* por pasar el rato = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por pereza = lazily.

* por + Período de Tiempo = for + Expresión Temporal.

* por persona = per person.

* por placer = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por poco dinero = cheaply.

* por poco o nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por poderes = by proxy.

* por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.

* por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.

* por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + parte = for + Posesivo + part.

* por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.

* por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.

* por principio = on principle.

* por principios = as a matter of principle.

* por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.

* por + Pronombre + mismo = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.

* por propia iniciativa = self-directed.

* por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.

* por pura diversión = for kicks.

* por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por qué = why.

* por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.

* por razones de = for the sake of.

* por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.

* por razones éticas = on moral grounds.

* por razones morales = on moral grounds.

* por razones personales = for personal reasons.

* por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.

* por rencor = out of spite.

* por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.

* por rumores = grapevine.

* por rutina = routinely.

* por sacos = by the sackful.

* por satélite = satellite-based.

* por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.

* por seguridad = for safety reasons.

* por semana = per week.

* por separado = at different times, in isolation, separately, singly.

* por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.

* por sexo = along gender lines.

* por si = in the chance that.

* por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec, for good measure.

* por si casualidad = in the chance that.

* por si era poco = for good measure.

* por si fuera poco = to boot, for good measure, to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.

* por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.

* por sí mismo = for its/their own sake, in itself, in + Posesivo + own right, itself, unto + Reflexivo, in and of + Reflexivo.

* por sí mismos = in themselves.

* por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.

* por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].

* por sí solo = by itself, for its/their own sake, on its own, in and of + Reflexivo, in itself.

* por sí solos = by themselves, in themselves.

* por si + tener + suerte = on spec.

* por sorpresa = unawares.

* por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.

* por suerte = luckily, fortunately, happily.

* por suerte o por desgracia = for better or (for) worse, by luck or misfortune.

* por su naturaleza = by + Posesivo + nature.

* por su papel = in its role.

* por su parte = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.

* por su propio derecho = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.

* ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid, heaven forbid.

* por suscripción = subscriber + Nombre.

* por su volatilidad = mercurially.

* por su volubilidad = mercurially.

* por tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por teléfono = on the telephone, by tele(phone), over the phone, over the telephone.

* por temas = topically.

* por temor a = for fear of/that.

* por temor a represalias = under duress.

* por término medio = on average.

* por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].

* por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.

* por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].

* por toda la provincia = province-wide.

* por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.

* por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.

* por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.

* por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].

* por todo el continente = continent-wide.

* por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].

* por todo el gobierno = government-wide.

* por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.

* por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.

* por todo el servicio = service-wide.

* por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.

* por todo + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.

* por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.

* por todos conocido = well-known.

* por todos lados = left, right and centre, far and wide.

* por todos los medios = by all means.

* por todos sitios = everywhere.

* por triplicado = in triplicate.

* por trueque = in kind.

* por turnos = on a rotating basis, on a rota basis, on a rota system, on a rota.

* por última vez = for the last time, one last time.

* por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.

* por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.

* por una lado... por otro = at one end... at the other.

* por unanimidad = unanimously.

* por una parte = on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un gran margen = by a huge margin.

* por un gustazo, un trancazo = a kingdom for a kiss.

* por unidad = per unit.

* por un lado = for one, on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.

* por un momento = for a moment.

* por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own, for + Reflexivo.

* por unos momentos = for a few moments, for a short time.

* por uno solo = solo.

* por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.

* por un tiempo = for a time.

* por un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come, for indefinite time.

* por valor de + Cantidad = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.

* por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.

* por venganza = out of spite.

* por voluntad propia = voluntarily.

* quedar por ver = remain + to be seen.

* tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.

* transporte por tierra = land transport.

* utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.

* venta al por mayor = wholesaling.

* * *

por

GUIA DE BUSQUEDA

Sentido I

A en relaciones causales

B según

C ¿por qué?

D en locuciones

E en expresiones concesivas

F

1 en expresiones de modo

2 indicando el medio

3 Educación

G

1 en relaciones de proporción

2 en multiplicaciones

H

1 en relaciones de sustitución etc

2 por ejemplo

I como

Sentido II

A al expresar finalidad, objetivo

B indicando consideración, favor

C indicando inclinación, elección

D en busca de

E en lo que respecta a

F indicando una situación pendiente

G estar por

Sentido III

A indicando lugar de acceso, salida

B

expresando lugar indeterminado

C expresando lugar determinado

D indicando extensión

Sentido IV

A expresando tiempo aproximado

B indicando una ocasión

C durante

prep

Sentido I

A (en relaciones causales) because of

he puesto esto aquí por el gato I've put this here because of the cat

nunca se lo dijo por miedo a perderla he never told her out of fear of losing her o because he was afraid of losing her

eso te pasa por crédulo that's what you get for being (so) gullible

lo conseguimos por él we got it thanks to him

ella es así por naturaleza she's like that by nature

lo hace por necesidad he does it out of necessity

no se acabó por falta de dinero it wasn't finished for o because of o owing to lack of money

el final no por conocido me resulta menos triste knowing how it ends doesn't make it any less sad

por su alto contenido en proteínas because of o owing to its high protein content

tanto por su precio como por su practicidad both for its price and its practical design

fue por eso por lo que no te llamé or fue por eso que no te llamé that was the reason o that was why I didn't call you

precisamente por eso no dije nada that's precisely why I didn't say anything

la muerte se produjo por asfixia he suffocated, death was caused by suffocation ( frml)

éste serviría si no fuera por el color this one would do if it weren't for the color

fue elogiado por su excelente actuación he was praised for his excellent performance

por + INF for -ING

me pidió perdón por haberme mentido he apologized for lying o for having lied to me

eso

B (según) from

por lo que he oído from what I've heard

por lo que parece no va a volver it seems o it would seem he's not coming back

por mi experiencia diría que … from my experience, I would say that …

C ( fam):

¿por? why?

¿con quién vas? — con Daniel ¿por? who are you going with? — with Daniel, why? o why do you want to know?

D ( en locuciones):

por qué why

¿por qué lloras? why are you crying?

¿por qué no vienes a almorzar a casa? why don't you come to my house for lunch?

por si in case

llévate una muda, por si tuvieras que quedarte take a change of clothes (just) in case you have to stay

acaso, mosca² (↑ mosca (2))

E (en expresiones concesivas) por … QUE:

por más que me esfuerzo me sigue saliendo mal no matter how hard I try o however hard I try, I still can't get it right

(+ subj): por (muy) fácil que se lo pongan, no creo que lo sepa hacer however easy o no matter how easy they make it for him I don't think he'll be able to do it

F

1

(en expresiones de modo): clasifícalos por tamaño classify them according to size o by size

colóquense por orden de altura line up in order of height

por adelantado in advance

por escrito in writing

2

(indicando el medio): se lo comunicaron por teléfono they told him over the phone

lo dijeron por la radio they said it on the radio

lo mandaron por avión/barco they sent it by air/sea

por carretera by road

la conocí por la voz I recognized the o her voice, I recognized her by her voice

me enteré por un amigo I heard from o through a friend

conocido por el nombre de Pancho known as Pancho

lo intenté por todos los medios I tried everything possible o every possible way

3 ( Educación):

es doctor honoris causa por Oxford he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford

un graduado en ciencias políticas por la universidad de Granada a graduate in political science from the university of Granada

G

1

(en relaciones de proporción): cobra $30 por clase he charges $30 a o per class

120 kilómetros por hora 120 kilometers an o per hour

lo venden por metro they sell it by the meter

tú comes por tres you eat enough for three people

había un hombre por cada dos mujeres there was one man to every two women

tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho it's three meters long by one meter wide

ya hemos hecho bastante por hoy we've done enough for today

los hizo entrar uno por uno she made them come in one by one o one at a time

examinar un escrito punto por punto to go through a document point by point

ciento² (↑ ciento (2))

2 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ]

(en multiplicaciones): tres por cuatro (son) doce three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

H

1

(en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación): su secretaria firmó por él his secretary signed for him o on his behalf

yo puedo ir por ti I can go for you o in your place

por toda respuesta se encogió de hombros all he did was shrug his shoulders

tú podrías pasar por inglesa you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman

te dan uno nuevo por dos viejos they give you one new one in exchange for two old ones

es senador por Canarias he's a senator for the Canary Islands

2

(como): por ejemplo for example

¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

I (introduciendo el agente) by

un lugar frecuentado por muchos famosos a place frequented by many famous people

se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta they were caught in a sudden storm

la ocupación de la fábrica por (parte de) los obreros the occupation of the factory by the workers

ver tb parte² f B. (↑ parte (2))

Sentido II

A

(al expresar finalidad, objetivo): se estaban peleando por la pelota they were fighting over the ball

lo hace por el dinero he does it for the money

te lo digo por tu bien I'm telling you for your own good

por + INF:

daría cualquier cosa por verte contento I'd give anything to see you happy

no entré por no molestar I didn't go in so as not to disturb him o because I didn't want to disturb him

eso es hablar por hablar that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it

por QUE + SUBJ here por que can also be written porque:

estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan he was eager for them to listen to him

recemos por que lleguen a un acuerdo let's pray that they'll come to an agreement

siguieron luchando por que se hiciera justicia they continued fighting for justice to be done

B

(indicando consideración, favor): haría cualquier cosa por ti I'd do anything for you

intercede por nosotros intercede for us

por mí no lo hagas don't do it just for me o for my sake

C

(indicando inclinación, elección): su amor por la música her love of music

demostró gran interés por el cuadro he showed great interest in the painting

no siento nada por él I don't feel anything for him

opté por no ir I chose not to go

votó por ella he voted for her

¿por la afirmativa? all those in favor?

se manifestaron por el derecho al aborto they demonstrated for the right to abortion

estar por algn ( fam); to be crazy about sb

D

(en busca de): salió/fue poror ( Esp) a por pan he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

E

(en lo que respecta a): por mí no hay inconveniente I don't mind

que haga lo que le dé la gana, por mí … let him do what he likes, as far as I'm concerned …

F (indicando una situación pendiente) por + INF:

tengo toda la casa por limpiar I've got the whole house to clean

estos cambios aún están por hacer these changes have still not been made o are yet to be made

ver² vt C 1. (↑ ver (2))

G

( AmL) estar por + INF (estar a punto de): deben de estar por llegar they should be arriving any minute

la leche está por hervir the milk's about to boil

Sentido III

A

(indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria): entró por la ventana he came in through the window

sal por aquí go out this way

el acceso al edificio es por la calle Lamas you enter the building from Lamas Street

el piano no va a pasar por la puerta the piano won't go through the door

se cayó por la escalera he fell down the stairs

subieron por la ladera este they went up by the east face

¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

fuimos por el camino más largo we took the longer route

no vayas por ahí que te vas a perder don't go that way, you'll get lost

¿por dónde has venido? which way did you come?

¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

B

(expresando lugar indeterminado): está por ahí he's over there somewhere

¿por dónde está or queda el restaurante? whereabouts is the restaurant?

viven por el sur/por mi barrio they live in the south somewhere/around my area

hace mucho que no lo vemos por aquí we haven't seen him around here for ages

¿qué tal te fue por Londres? how did you get on in London?

C

(expresando lugar determinado): corta por aquí cut here

voy por la página 15 I'm up to o I'm on page 15

empieza por el principio start at the beginning

agárralo por el mango hold it by the handle

D

(indicando extensión): lo he buscado por todos lados or por todas partes I've looked everywhere for it

la epidemia se extendió por todo el país the epidemic spread throughout the (whole) country

estuvimos viajando por el norte de Francia we were traveling around o in the North of France

fuimos a caminar por la playa we went for a walk along the beach

pasa un trapo por el piso give the floor a quick wipe

ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera¹ adv A 1. (↑ fuera (1)), encima, por etc

Sentido IV

A

(expresando tiempo aproximado): por aquella época at that time

por aquel entonces vivían en Pozuelo at that time they were living in Pozuelo

sucedió por allá por 1960 it happened some time back around 1960

B ( Esp) (indicando una ocasión) for

me lo regalaron por mi cumpleaños they gave it to me for my birthday

por Semana Santa pensamos ir a Londres we're thinking of going to London for Easter

C (durante) for

por los siglos de los siglos for ever and ever

no se lo confío ni por un minuto I wouldn't trust him with it for a minute

puede quedar así por el momento or por ahora it can stay like that for the time being o for now

ver tb mañana³ (↑ mañana (3)), tarde² (↑ tarde (2)), noche

* * *

por preposición
1 ( causa) because of;
◊ por falta de dinero because of o owing to lack of money;

por naturaleza by nature;
por necesidad out of necessity;
por eso no dije nada that's why I didn't say anything;
fue por eso que no te llamé that was why I didn't call you;
si no fuera por mi hijo … if it wasn't for my son …;
me pidió perdón por haberme mentido he apologized for lying o for having lied to me
2 ( en locs)
◊ por qué why;

no dijo por qué he didn't say why;
¿por qué no vienes conmigo? why don't you come with me?;
por si in case;
por si no entiende in case he doesn't understand;
See Also→ acaso 2, mosca
3 ( en expresiones concesivas):
◊ por más que me esfuerzo however hard o no matter how hard I try;

por (muy) fácil que sea however easy o no matter how easy it is
4
a) ( modo):

◊ colócalos por orden de tamaño put them in order of size;

por adelantado in advance;
por escrito in writing
b) ( medio):

◊ se lo comunicaron por teléfono they told him over the phone;

lo dijeron por la radio they said it on the radio;
por avión by air;
la conocí por la voz I recognized her by her voice;
me enteré por un amigo I heard from o through a friend
5
a) ( proporción):

◊ cobra $30 por clase he charges $30 a o per class;

120 kilómetros por hora 120 kilometers an o per hour;
por metro/docena by the meter/dozen;
tú comes por tres you eat enough for three people;
tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho it's three meters long by one meter wide;
uno por uno one by one;
See Also→ ciento sustantivo masculino b
b) ( en multiplicaciones):

◊ tres por cuatro (son) doce three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

6
a) ( sustitución) for;

◊ su secretaria firmó por él his secretary signed for him o on his behalf;

pasa por inglesa she passes for an Englishwoman
b) ( como):

◊ por ejemplo for example

7 ( introduciendo el agente) by;
◊ compuesto por Mozart composed by Mozart

1 (finalidad, objetivo):
◊ pelearse por algo to fight over sth;

lo hace por el dinero he does it for the money;
no entré por no molestarlo I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him;
por que + subj (here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan he was eager for them to listen to him
2 (indicando inclinación, elección):
◊ su amor por la música her love of music;

no siento nada por él I don't feel anything for him;
votó por ella he voted for her
3 ( en busca de): salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread
4 ( en lo que respecta a):
◊ por mí que haga lo que quiera as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

5 (esp AmL) estar por + inf ( estar a punto de) to be about to + inf;
◊ está por terminar he's about to finish;

deben (de) estar por llegar they should be arriving any minute
1
a) ( lugar):

◊ entró por la ventana he came in through the window;

sal por aquí go out this way;
se cayó por la escalera he fell down the stairs;
¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?;
¿por dónde has venido? which way did you come?;
está por ahí he's over there somewhere;
¿por dónde está el hotel? whereabouts is the hotel?;
viven por mi barrio they live around my area;
voy por la página 15 I'm up to o I'm on page 15;
empieza por el principio start at the beginning;
agárralo por el mango hold it by the handle
b) ( indicando extensión): por todos lados or por todas partes everywhere;

◊ viajamos por el norte de Francia we traveled around o in the North of France;

ver tb dentro, fuera, encima, etc
2 ( tiempo) for;
◊ por un mes for a month;

por el momento or por ahora for the time being, for now;
ver tb mañana, tarde, noche
3 (Esp) ( ocasión) for;
◊ me lo regaló por mi cumpleaños she gave it to me for my birthday

por preposición
1 (autoría) by: está escrito por mí, it was written by me
2 (camino, lugar) through: viajamos por Castilla, we travelled round Castilla
3 (medio) lo enviaron por avión, they sent it by plane
me enteré por el periódico, I read about it in the newspaper
4 (motivo, causa) because of
por tu culpa, because of you
(en favor de) for: hazlo por ellos, do it for their sake
por la libertad, for freedom
5 (en torno a) por San Juan, near Saint John's Day
6 (durante) por la mañana/noche, in the morning/at night
por el momento, for the time being
7 (a través) entramos por la puerta, we got in through the door
miramos por la ventana, we looked out (of) the window
pasamos por la ciudad, we went through the town
8 (sobre, por encima de) cruzaremos por el puente, we'll cross the bridge
9 (delante de) paso todos los días por tu casa, I go by your house every day
10 (a cambio de) for: te doy mi helado por tu yogur, I'll swap you my ice-cream for your yoghurt
11 (en una distribución, cálculo) por cabeza, a head, per person
mil pesetas por hora, a thousand pesetas per hour
dos mil revoluciones por minuto, two thousand revolutions per minute
12 (en una multiplicación) dos por dos, cuatro, two times two is four
un diez por ciento, ten per cent
13 (con infinitivo) in order to, so as to
trabajar por trabajar, to work for the sake of it
♦ Locuciones: por así decirlo, so to speak
por más/mucho que..., no matter how...
por qué, why
' por' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- abogar
- abonar
- abonarse
- abotargada
- abotargado
- abuelo
- acabar
- acaso
- accidente
- acercarse
- acertar
- aclamación
- acomplejada
- acomplejado
- acomplejarse
- acoquinar
- acostumbrar
- actual
- adelantada
- adelantado
- adivinar
- admitir
- adoración
- aérea
- aéreo
- afanarse
- afectada I
- afectado
- afición
- agradecer
- aguantar
- ahí
- ahogada
- ahogado
- ahora
- ahorcarse
- ahorrar
- aire
- alegrarse
- algo
- allá
- allí
- almacén
- alquiler
- alta
- alto
- aludida
- aludido
- amarga
English:
A
- aback
- ablaze
- about
- above
- absence
- absorb
- accident
- accidentally
- acclaim
- accompany
- accord
- accordingly
- account
- accustom
- actual
- actually
- add to
- advocate
- after
- afternoon
- again
- against
- air
- airmail
- alert
- allowance
- alone
- alphabetically
- alternately
- amble
- amends
- amok
- angry
- annihilate
- annoy
- answer for
- answering service
- antipathy
- anxious
- anywhere
- apologetic
- apologize
- appal
- appall
- apparently
- appearance
- appease
- appointment
- appreciate

* * *

por prep

1. [indica causa] because of;

llegó tarde por el tráfico she was late because of the traffic;

lo hizo por amor he did it out of o for love;

me disculpé por llegar tarde I apologized for arriving late;

miré dentro por simple curiosidad I looked inside out of pure curiosity;

accidentes por conducción temeraria accidents caused by reckless driving;

muertes por enfermedades cardiovasculares deaths from cardiovascular disease;

no quise llamar por la hora (que era) I didn't want to call because of the time;

cerrado por vacaciones/reformas [en letrero] closed for holidays/alterations;

por mí no te preocupes don't worry about me;
Esp
fue por eso por lo que tuvimos tantos problemas, Am [m5] fue por eso que tuvimos tantos problemas that's why we had so many problems;

eso te pasa por (ser tan) generoso that's what you get for being so generous;

la razón por (la) que dimite the reason (why) she is resigning;

¿por qué? why?;

¿por qué no vienes? why don't you come?;

¿por qué lo preguntas? – por nada why do you ask? – no reason;
Fam
¿por? why?;

por si in case;

por si se te olvida in case you forget

2. [indica indicio]
por lo que me dices/lo que he oído no debe de ser tan difícil from what you say/what I've heard, it can't be that difficult;

por lo que tengo entendido, viven juntos as I understand it, they live together, my understanding is that they live together;

por lo visto, por lo que se ve apparently

3. [indica finalidad] (antes de infinitivo) (in order) to;

* * *

por

prp

1 motivo for, because of;

lo hace por mí he does it for me;

lo hizo por amor she did it out of o for love;

luchó por sus ideales he fought for his ideals;

por miedo a ofenderle for fear of upsetting her;

vino por verme he came to see me

2 medio by;

por avión by air;

por correo by mail, Br

tb by post

3 tiempo

:

por un año/un segundo for a year/a second;

por la mañana in the morning;

por Navidad around Christmas

4 movimiento

:

por la calle down the street;

por un tunel through a tunnel;

por aquí this way

5 posición aproximada around, about;

está por aquí it’s around here (somewhere);

vive por el centro de la ciudad she lives somewhere around the center of town

6 cambio

:

por cincuenta pesos for fifty pesos;

por cabeza each, a head

7 otros usos

:

por hora an o per hour;

dos por dos two times two;

¿por qué? why?;

el motivo por el cual o

por el que … the reason why …;

esa factura aún está por pagar that invoice still has to be paid;

tomar por esposa marry;

por difícil que sea however difficult it might be

* * *

por prep

1) : for, during

se quedaron allí por la semana: they stayed there during the week

por el momento: for now, at the moment

2) : around, during

por noviembre empieza a nevar: around November it starts to snow

por la mañana: in the morning

3) : around (a place)

debe estar por allí: it must be over there

por todas partes: everywhere

4) : by, through, along

por la puerta: through the door

pasé por tu casa: I stopped by your house

por la costa: along the coast

5) : for, for the sake of

lo hizo por su madre: he did it for his mother

¡por Dios!: for heaven's sake!

6) : because of, on account of

llegué tarde por el tráfico: I arrived late because of the traffic

dejar por imposible: to give up as impossible

7) : per

60 millas por hora: 60 miles per hour

por docena: by the dozen

8) : for, in exchange for, instead of

su hermana habló por él: his sister spoke on his behalf

9) : by means of

hablar por teléfono: to talk on the phone

por escrito: in writing

10) : as for

por mí: as far as I'm concerned

11) : times

tres por dos son seis: three times two is six

12) según: from, according to

por lo que dices: judging from what you're telling me

13) : as, for

por ejemplo: for example

14) : by

hecho por mi abuela: made by my grandmother

por correo: by mail

15) : for, in order to

lucha por ganar su respeto: he struggles to win her respect

16)

estar por : to be about to

17)

por ciento : percent

18)

por favor : please

19)

por lo tanto : therefore, consequently

20)

¿por qué? : why?

21)

por que porque

22)

por... que : no matter how

por mucho que intente: no matter how hard I try

23)

por si or

por si acaso : just in case

* * *

por prep

1. (a través de) through

entra por la puerta de la derecha go in through the door on the right

por el bosque through the wood

2. (la calle) along / down

iba por la calle I was walking down the street

3. (indica camino) via / by

fuimos por la carretera comarcal we went by the B road

4. (indica una parte concreta) by

sujeta la cacerola por el asa hold the saucepan by its handle

5. (indica el tiempo)

por la mañana in the morning

por Navidades at Christmas

por la noche at night

por unos días for a few days

6. (a causa de) because of

suspendieron el concierto por la lluvia the concert was cancelled because of the rain

7. (a fin de) to / in order to

por complacer al padre in order to please her father

8. (indica el autor) by

el cuadro fue pintado por Picasso the picture was painted by Picasso

9. (en favor o defensa de) for

haría cualquier cosa por su hijo she'd do anything for her son

es por tu propio bien it's for your own good

10. (multiplicado) times

cuatro por cuatro son dieciséis four times four is sixteen

11. (a cambio de) for

lo compré por cien pesetas I bought it for a hundred pesetas

te doy este libro por esos sellos I'll give you this book for those stamps

12. (en vez de) instead of

ya jugaré yo por Jaime I'll play instead of Jaime

13. (indica que una acción todavía no está hecha)

las camas están por hacer the beds still have to be made

ir por / ir a por to fetch

¡ve a por mis zapatillas, por favor! fetch my slippers, please!

por + adjetivo however + adjective

por barato que parezca however cheap it may seem

por mucho que te quejes however much you complain

por aquí (cerca) near here (indicando camino) this way

por ciento per cent

por correo by post

por fin at last

por la fuerza by force

por lo general generally / usually

por lo menos at least

por mí as far as I'm concerned

por si... in case...

por sorpresa by surprise

por supuesto of course

por tanto therefore

por teléfono on the telephone

¿por qué? why?

Spanish-English dictionary > por
14 DOL
концентрация растворённого кислорода
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
Министерство труда (США)
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- Department of Labor
- DOL
прямой пуск вращающегося электродвигателя
Пуск вращающегося электродвигателя путем непосредственного подключения его к питающей сети.
[ ГОСТ 27471-87]

EN

direct-on-line starting
across-the-line starting (US)
the process of starting a motor by connecting it directly to the supply at rated voltage
[IEV number 411-52-15]

FR

démarrage direct
mode de démarrage d'un moteur, consistant à lui appliquer directement sa pleine tension assignée
[IEV number 411-52-15]

Рис. ABB
Схема прямого пуска электродвигателя

Magnetic only circuit-breaker - Автоматический выключатель с электромагнитным расцепителем

Contactor KL - Контактор KL

Thermal relay - Тепловое реле

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Direct-on-line starting

Direct-on-line starting, which is often abbreviated as DOL, is perhaps the most traditional system and consists in connecting the motor directly to the supply network, thus carrying out starting at full voltage.

Direct-on-line starting represents the simplest and the most economical system to start a squirrel-cage asynchronous motor and it is the most used.

As represented in Figure 5, it provides the direct connection to the supply network and therefore starting is carried out at full voltage and with constant frequency, developing a high starting torque with very reduced acceleration times.

The typical applications are relevant to small power motors also with full load starting.

These advantages are linked to some problems such as, for example, the high inrush current, which - in the first instants - can reach values of about 10 to 12 times the rated current, then can decrease to about 6 to 8 times the rated current and can persist to reach the maximum torque speed.

The effects of such currents can be identified with the high electro-dynamical stresses on the motor connection cables and could affect also the windings of the motor itself; besides, the high inrush torques can cause violent accelerations which stress the transmission components (belts and joints) generating distribution problems with a reduction in the mechanical life of these elements.

Finally, also the possible electrical problems due to voltage drops on the supply line of the motor or of the connected equipment must be taken into consideration.
[ABB]

Прямой пуск

Прямой пуск, который по-английски часто сокращенно обозначают как DOL, является, пожалуй наиболее распространенным способом пуска. Он заключается в непосредственном (т. е. прямом) подключении двигателя к питающей сети. Это означает, что пуск двигателя осуществляется при полном напряжении.

Схема прямого пуска является наиболее простым, экономичным и чаще всего применяемым решением для электродвигателей с короткозамкнутым ротором.

Схема прямого подключения к сети представлена на рисунке 5. Пуск осуществляется при полном напряжении и постоянной частоте сети. Электродвигатель развивает высокий пусковой момент при коротком времени разгона.

Типичные области применения – маломощные электродвигатели, в том числе с пуском при полной нагрузке.

Однако, наряду с преимуществами имеются и определенные недостатки, например, бросок пускового тока, достигающий в первоначальный момент 10…12-кратного значения от номинального тока электродвигателя. Затем ток двигателя уменьшается примерно до 6…8-кратного значения номинального тока и будет держаться на этом уровне до тех пор, пока скорость двигателя не достигнет максимального значения.

Такое изменение тока оказывает значительное электродинамическое воздействие на кабель, подключенный к двигателю. Кроме того пусковой ток воздействует на обмотки двигателя. Высокий начальный пусковой момент может привести к значительному ускорению и следовательно к значительной нагрузке элементов привода (ремней, крепления узлов), что вызывает сокращение их срока службы.

И, наконец, следует принять во внимание возможное возникновение проблем, связанных с падением напряжения в линии питания двигателя и подключенного к этой линии оборудования.
[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
Синонимы
- прямой пуск
EN
DE
- Anlauf mit direktem Einschalten
FR
- démarrage direct
пускатель прямого действия
Пускатель, одноступенчато подающий сетевое напряжение на выводы двигателя.
(МЭС 441-14-40)
[ ГОСТ Р 50030.4.1-2002 (МЭК 60947-4-1-2000)]

Пускатели переменного тока для прямого непосредственного пуска (с полным напряжением)
Пускатели, предназначенные для пуска двигателя, разгона его до номинальной скорости, защиты двигателя и подключенных к нему цепей от рабочих перегрузок и отключения питания двигателя.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030.4.1-2002 (МЭК 60947-4-1-2000)]

EN

direct-on-line starter
a starter which connects the line voltage across the motor terminals in one step
[IEV number 441-14-40]

FR

démarreur direct
démarreur qui applique la tension d'alimentation sur les bornes du moteur en une seule manoeuvre
[IEV number 441-14-40]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Direct-on-line starters
Starters which connect the line voltage across the motor terminals in one step, intended to start and accelerate a motor to normal speed.
They shall ensure switching and protection functions as prescribed in the general definition.
[ABB]

Пускатели прямого действия
Пускатели, одноступенчато подающие сетевое напряжение на зажимы двигателя и предназначенные для его пуска и разгона до номинальной скорости.
Кроме того, они должны обеспечивать коммутацию и защиту в соответствии с общим определением.
[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- контакторы и пускатели
- управление электродвигателями
EN
DE
- Motorstarter zum direkten Einschalten
FR
- démarreur direct
эффект операционного рычага
эффект производственного рычага
Эффект операционного рычага - выражение того факта, что любое изменение выручки от реализации порождает изменение прибыли. Сила воздействия операционного рычага вычисляется как частное от деления выручки от реализации после возмещения переменных затрат на прибыль.
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/fin/a.html]

Тематики
- экономика
Синонимы
- эффект производственного рычага
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > DOL
15 alcance

m.

1 range.

de corto/largo alcance short-/long-range

2 scope, extent.

de alcance important

3 reach, range, scope, extent.

pres.subj.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: alcanzar.

* * *

alcance

► nombre masculino

1 reach, grasp

■ está al alcance de todo el mundo it's within everyone's reach

2 (de arma) range

3 (trascendencia) scope, importance

4 (inteligencia) intelligence

■ persona de pocos alcances person of low intelligence

* * *

noun m.

1) reach, scope

2) range

3) extent

* * *

SM

1) (=posibilidad de acceso) [de brazo, persona] reach; [de pensamiento] scope

el escaso alcance de la mente humana — the limited scope of the human mind

• al alcance de algn — available to sb

empleó todos los medios a su alcance — she used all the means available to her

no tenía el dinero a su alcance — he didn't have access to the money, he didn't have the money available

• estar al alcance de algn — to be within sb's reach

vi que estaba a mi alcance y lo cogí — I saw that it was within my reach and I grabbed it

el récord estaba a nuestro alcance — the record was within our grasp o reach

estas joyas no están al alcance de cualquiera — not everyone can afford these jewels

hizo lo que estaba a su alcance por ayudarme — he did what he could to help me

• estar fuera del alcance de algn — (=alejado, imposible) to be out of sb's reach, be beyond sb's reach; (=incomprensible) to be over sb's head; (=caro) to be beyond sb's means

manténgase fuera del alcance de los niños — keep out of reach of children

quiero estar fuera del alcance de esas miradas — I don't want to be the object of those looks

se encontraban fuera del alcance de los disparos — they were out of the gunfire

• al alcance de la mano — at hand, within arm's reach

• al alcance del oído — within earshot

• poner algo al alcance de algn — to make sth available to sb

un intento de poner la cultura al alcance de todos — an attempt to make culture available to everyone

• al alcance de la vista — within sight

cuando el faro estuvo al alcance de nuestra vista — when the lighthouse came into view o was within sight

• al alcance de la voz — within call

2) (=distancia) (Mil) range

• al alcance — within range

• de corto alcance — [arma, misil] short-range antes de s ; [objetivo, proyecto] short-term antes de s

• de gran o largo alcance — [faros] full beam antes de s, high beam antes de s (EEUU); [arma, misil, micrófono] long-range antes de s ; [vuelo] long haul antes de s ; [efecto, repercusiones] far-reaching

• de medio o mediano alcance — [arma, misil] medium-range
buzón 1)
3) (=importancia) [de problema] extent; [de noticia, suceso] importance, significance

el alcance del problema — the extent of the problem

esta huelga tiene mayor alcance para los trabajadores — this strike has greater importance o significance for the workers

comprendió el verdadero alcance de lo ocurrido — she understood the true significance of what had happened

una crisis de alcance planetario — a worldwide crisis

4) (=persecución) pursuit

• andar o ir a los alcances de algn — to press close on sb

• dar alcance a algn — (=capturar) to capture sb; (=llegar a la altura) to catch up with sb

cuando la policía le dio alcance — when the police captured him

a punto estuvo de dar alcance al líder de la carrera — he was on the point of catching (up with) the leader of the race

el Barcelona ha dado alcance al Madrid en el número de puntos — Barcelona have caught up with Madrid in number of points

• andar o ir en los alcances a algn — to spy on sb

• seguir el alcance a algn — (Mil) to pursue sb

5) (Econ) adverse balance, deficit

6) (Tip) stop-press, stop-press news

7) pl alcances

a) (=inteligencia) grasp sing

ideas superiores a sus alcances — ideas beyond his grasp

• de cortos o pocos alcances — not very bright

es hombre de cortos alcances — he's not a very intelligent man, he's not too bright

b) CAm (=calumnias) calumnies, malicious accusations

8) Chile

hacer un alcance — to clear sth up, clarify sth

alcance de nombres, no es su padre, es solo un alcance de nombres — he's not his father, it just happens that their names coincide

* * *

masculino

1)

a) ( de persona) reach

mantenga los medicamentos fuera del alcance de los niños — keep all medicines out of reach of children

está fuera de mi alcance — it is beyond my means

b) (de arma, emisora) range

misiles de corto/largo alcance — short-range/long-range missiles

c) (de ley, proyecto) scope; (de declaración, noticia) implications

una política educativa de largo alcance — a far-reaching education policy

d) (en locs)

al alcance de — within reach of

poner la cultura al alcance de todos — to make culture accessible to everyone

precios al alcance de su bolsillo — prices to suit your pocket

un lujo que no está a mi alcance — a luxury I can't afford

tiene mucha ayuda a su alcance — he has a lot of help at his disposal

no está al alcance de su inteligencia — it's beyond their grasp

al alcance de la mano — ( literal) at hand; ( fácil de conseguir) within reach

hacer un alcance — (Chi) to add/clarify something

2) (Fin) deficit

* * *

= coverage, extent, grasp, reach, scope, sweep, compass.

Ex. AACR1 is a weighty code, not because it contains extensive enumeration, but rather because of its comprehensive coverage.

Ex. The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.

Ex. When an item is in its grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain.

Ex. The cord which trips its shutter may reach down a man's sleeve within easy reach of his fingers.

Ex. Subject field definition arises from the scope of the information service or system that the indexing language is expected to serve.

Ex. The grand design is visible in the sweep of development from baked clay tablets to computerized typesetting.

Ex. All truth is contained in the compass of your mind.

----

* al alcance = within reach, within easy reach, within sight, within gunshot, within range.

* al alcance de = available at the fingertips of.

* al alcance de cualquiera = within anyone's reach, within anybody's reach.

* al alcance de la mano = within arm's reach, within easy reach.

* al alcance del oído = within earshot of.

* al alcance de todos = within everybody's reach, within everyone's reach, accessible to everyone, accessible to everybody.

* alcance amplio = broad scope.

* alcance temático = subject scope.

* ampliar el alcance de = extend + the reach of.

* a + Posesivo + alcance = in the ballpark for + Pronombre, in + Posesivo + ballpark range.

* caer fuera del alcance de = fall outside + the scope of.

* calidad y alcance de, la = quality and extent of, the.

* colocar fuera de alcance = place + out of reach.

* con todos los medios a + Posesivo + alcance = with all the means at + Posesivo + disposal.

* de alcance estatal = nationwide [nation-wide].

* de alcance nacional = nationwide [nation-wide].

* de amplio alcance = broad in scope.

* de fácil alcance para = within easy reach of.

* de largo alcance = far-reaching, far-ranging.

* el alcance = comprehensiveness.

* estar al alcance de la mano = be at hand.

* estar fuera del alcance = lie outside + the scope of.

* estudio de alcance = scoping study.

* facilidad de alcance = reachability.

* fuera de alcance = beyond reach, out of range.

* fuera del alcance = out of reach.

* fuera del alcance de = beyond the scope of.

* fuera del alcance de las posibilidades de Alguien = beyond + Posesivo + powers.

* fuera del alcance del oído = out of earshot.

* nota de alcance = scope note (SN).

* objetivo y alcance = purpose and scope.

* poner al alcance = bring within + reach.

* poner Algo al alcance = put + Nombre + within reach.

* tener al alcance = have at + Posesivo + touch.

* tener Algo al alcance = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.

* WAN (red de gran alcance) = WAN (wide area network).

* * *

masculino

1)

a) ( de persona) reach

mantenga los medicamentos fuera del alcance de los niños — keep all medicines out of reach of children

está fuera de mi alcance — it is beyond my means

b) (de arma, emisora) range

misiles de corto/largo alcance — short-range/long-range missiles

c) (de ley, proyecto) scope; (de declaración, noticia) implications

una política educativa de largo alcance — a far-reaching education policy

d) (en locs)

al alcance de — within reach of

poner la cultura al alcance de todos — to make culture accessible to everyone

precios al alcance de su bolsillo — prices to suit your pocket

un lujo que no está a mi alcance — a luxury I can't afford

tiene mucha ayuda a su alcance — he has a lot of help at his disposal

no está al alcance de su inteligencia — it's beyond their grasp

al alcance de la mano — ( literal) at hand; ( fácil de conseguir) within reach

hacer un alcance — (Chi) to add/clarify something

2) (Fin) deficit

* * *

= coverage, extent, grasp, reach, scope, sweep, compass.

Ex: AACR1 is a weighty code, not because it contains extensive enumeration, but rather because of its comprehensive coverage.

Ex: The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.

Ex: When an item is in its grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain.

Ex: The cord which trips its shutter may reach down a man's sleeve within easy reach of his fingers.

Ex: Subject field definition arises from the scope of the information service or system that the indexing language is expected to serve.

Ex: The grand design is visible in the sweep of development from baked clay tablets to computerized typesetting.

Ex: All truth is contained in the compass of your mind.

* al alcance = within reach, within easy reach, within sight, within gunshot, within range.

* al alcance de = available at the fingertips of.

* al alcance de cualquiera = within anyone's reach, within anybody's reach.

* al alcance de la mano = within arm's reach, within easy reach.

* al alcance del oído = within earshot of.

* al alcance de todos = within everybody's reach, within everyone's reach, accessible to everyone, accessible to everybody.

* alcance amplio = broad scope.

* alcance temático = subject scope.

* ampliar el alcance de = extend + the reach of.

* a + Posesivo + alcance = in the ballpark for + Pronombre, in + Posesivo + ballpark range.

* caer fuera del alcance de = fall outside + the scope of.

* calidad y alcance de, la = quality and extent of, the.

* colocar fuera de alcance = place + out of reach.

* con todos los medios a + Posesivo + alcance = with all the means at + Posesivo + disposal.

* de alcance estatal = nationwide [nation-wide].

* de alcance nacional = nationwide [nation-wide].

* de amplio alcance = broad in scope.

* de fácil alcance para = within easy reach of.

* de largo alcance = far-reaching, far-ranging.

* el alcance = comprehensiveness.

* estar al alcance de la mano = be at hand.

* estar fuera del alcance = lie outside + the scope of.

* estudio de alcance = scoping study.

* facilidad de alcance = reachability.

* fuera de alcance = beyond reach, out of range.

* fuera del alcance = out of reach.

* fuera del alcance de = beyond the scope of.

* fuera del alcance de las posibilidades de Alguien = beyond + Posesivo + powers.

* fuera del alcance del oído = out of earshot.

* nota de alcance = scope note (SN).

* objetivo y alcance = purpose and scope.

* poner al alcance = bring within + reach.

* poner Algo al alcance = put + Nombre + within reach.

* tener al alcance = have at + Posesivo + touch.

* tener Algo al alcance = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.

* WAN (red de gran alcance) = WAN (wide area network).

* * *

alcance

masculine

A

1 (de una persona) reach

un pugilista menos alto pero de mayor alcance a boxer who is shorter but has a longer reach

[ S ] mantenga los medicamentos fuera del alcance de los niños keep all medicines out of reach of children

está totalmente fuera de mi alcance it is completely beyond my means

2 (de un arma, una emisora) range

misiles de corto/largo alcance short-range/long-range missiles

3

(ámbito): el alcance de una ley the scope of a law

todavía no sabemos el alcance que puedan tener sus declaraciones as yet we do not know the full implications of his statement

una política educativa de largo alcance a far-reaching education policy

4 ( en locs):

al alcance de within reach of

se trata de poner la cultura al alcance de todos the idea is to bring culture within everybody's reach o to make culture accessible to everyone

un país en el que tener televisión no está al alcance de cualquiera a country where owning a television is not within everyone's reach

tarifas al alcance de su presupuesto prices to suit your pocket

eso no está a mi alcance that's not in my power

es un lujo que no está a mi alcance it's a luxury I can't afford

tiene a su alcance los mejores medios para la investigación he has the best research facilities available to him

estos conceptos no están al alcance de nuestra inteligencia these concepts are unintelligible to us o are beyond our grasp

cuando la Estatua de la Libertad estuvo al alcance de la vista when the Statue of Liberty was visible/came into view

al alcance de la mano (literal) at hand; (fácil de conseguir) within reach, within one's grasp

hacer un alcance ( Chi); to add/clarify sth

Compuesto:

alcance de nombres

( Chi): hubo una confusión por un alcance de nombres there was a mix-up because their names were the same

B ( Fin) deficit

* * *

Del verbo alcanzar: ( conjugate alcanzar)

alcancé es:

1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

alcance es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

Multiple Entries:
alcance
alcanzar
alcance sustantivo masculino
a) ( de persona) reach;

◊ fuera del alcance de los niños out of reach of children;

está fuera de mi alcance it is beyond my means
b) (de arma, emisora) range;

◊ misiles de largo alcance long-range missiles

c) (de ley, proyecto) scope;

(de declaración, noticia) implications (pl)
d) ( en locs)

◊ al alcance de within reach of;

precios al alcance de su bolsillo prices to suit your pocket;
un lujo que no está a mi alcance a luxury I can't afford
alcanzar ( conjugate alcanzar) verbo transitivo
1
a) ‹ persona› ( llegar a la altura de) to catch up with, to catch … up (BrE);

(pillar, agarrar) to catch;
◊ lo alcancé en la curva I caught up with him on the bend;

¡a que no me alcanzas! I bet you can't catch me! (colloq)
b) (en tarea, estatura) to catch up with

2 ( llegar a) ‹ lugar› to reach, get to;
‹temperatura/nivel/edad› to reach;
◊ casi no alcanzo el tren I almost missed the train;

estos árboles alcanzan una gran altura these trees can reach o grow to a great height;
alcance la mayoría de edad to come of age
3 (conseguir, obtener) ‹objetivo/éxito› to achieve;
‹ acuerdo› to reach
4 (acercar, pasar) alcancele algo a algn to pass sb sth, to pass sth to sb
verbo intransitivo
1 ( llegar con la mano) to reach;
◊ hasta donde alcanzaba la vista as far as the eye could see;

alcance a hacer algo to manage to do sth
2 ( ser suficiente) [comida/provisones] to be enough;
◊ el sueldo no le alcanza he can't manage on his salary

alcance sustantivo masculino
1 reach: deja eso al alcance de mi vista, put that where I can see it
mantenga los medicamentos fuera del alcance de los niños, keep medicines out of the reach of children
2 fig (posibilidades) scope: el ascenso está fuera de tu alcance, promotion is impossible for you
3 (de una noticia) importance
♦ Locuciones: dar alcance, to catch up [a, with]
alcanzar
I verbo transitivo
1 to reach
2 (coger a una persona) to catch up with
3 (llegar hasta una cantidad) to be up to: su biblioteca alcanza los tres mil ejemplares, his library is up to three thousand volumes
4 (acercar algo) to pass: alcánzame una silla, pass me a chair
5 (lograr) to attain, achieve
II vi (ser suficiente) to be sufficient: ese dinero no alcanza para un piso, this money isn't enough to buy a flat
' alcance' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
combatir
- eco
- fuera
- proyección
- alcanzar
- ámbito
- dimensión
- milagro
- trascendental
English:
ambit
- extensive
- far-reaching
- grasp
- hand
- long-range
- out of
- range
- reach
- scope
- short-range
- sight
- wide-ranging
- extent
- far
- long
- sweep
- wide

* * *

alcance nm

1. [de arma, misil, emisora] range;

de corto/largo alcance short-/long-range;

una colisión por alcance [por detrás] a rear-end collision;
[angular] a side-on collision
2. [de persona]
a mi alcance within my reach;

utilizaron todos los medios a su alcance they used every means at their disposal;

al alcance de mi bolsillo within my means;

este restaurante sólo está al alcance de los más pudientes only the very wealthy can afford to eat at this restaurant;

esta tarea no está al alcance de sus posibilidades he's not up to this task, this task is beyond his capabilities;

la cuerda estaba casi al alcance de la mano the rope was almost within arm's reach;

tuvo la victoria al alcance de la mano she was within sight of victory, she had victory within her grasp;

al alcance de la vista within sight;

el castillo queda fuera del alcance de nuestra vista we can't see the castle from here;

dar alcance a alguien to catch up with sb;

el pelotón dio alcance al ciclista escapado the bunch caught (up with) the cyclist who had broken away from them;

fuera del alcance de beyond the reach of;

guardar fuera del alcance de los niños [en etiqueta] keep out of reach of o away from children

3. [de reformas, medidas] scope, extent;

todavía no se han dado cuenta del alcance del fallo judicial the full implications of the verdict have still not become clear to them;

un cambio de alcance universal a change that affects everybody;

de alcance important

4.
una noticia de alcance [de última hora] a piece of news that has just come in

5. [inteligencia]
una persona de pocos alcances a slow o dim-witted person

6. Chile [resto]
este mes se quedó con un alcance he had a bit left over this month

7. Chile [comentario] clarification;

estoy de acuerdo, pero debo hacerle un alcance I agree, but I must make one thing clear

* * *

alcance

m

1 reach;

al alcance de la mano within reach;

poner algo al alcance de alguien put sth within s.o.’s reach;

dar alcance a alguien catch up with s.o.;

al alcance de la vista visible, in view;

¿está al alcance de tu bolsillo? can you afford it?

2 de arma etc range;

de largo alcance long-range

3 de medida scope

4 de tragedia extent, scale

5 fig

:

un hombre de mucho alcance a talented o gifted man;

de pocos alcances fam untalented

* * *

alcance nm

1) : reach

2) : range, scope

* * *

alcance n

1. (en general) reach

fuera del alcance de los niños out of children's reach

2. (de un arma, emisora, etc) range

misiles de corto alcance short range missiles

3. (importancia) importance

destacó el alcance de la crisis he stressed the importance of the crisis

al alcance de la mano within reach

al alcance de la vista within sight

Spanish-English dictionary > alcance
16 be

бути

be a candidate in an electoral district — балотуватися по виборчому округу

be a candidate to the presidency — балотуватися на пост президента

be a threat to a country's economic independence — становити (собою) загрозу економічній незалежності країни, загрожувати економічній незалежності держави

be a threat to a country's sovereignty — становити (собою) загрозу національному суверенітету, загрожувати національному суверенітету

be abdicant of responsibilities — знімати з себе відповідальність; нехтувати своїми обов'язками

be accountable for one's actions — відповідати за свої вчинки

be appointed with the advice and consent — (of Parliament, etc.) призначатися за рекомендацією і згодою ( парламенту тощо)

be arrested while in attendance — бути заарештованим за порушення парламентського імунітету під час присутності ( на засіданні законодавчого органу), підлягати арешту на засіданні законодавчого органу

be brought to punishment for crime — = be brought to punishment for one's crime понести покарання за злочин

be brought to punishment for one's crime — = be brought to punishment for crime

be called as a witness for the defence — = be called as a witness for the defense викликатися в якості свідка захисту

be called as a witness for the defense — = be called as a witness for the defence

be called as a witness for the prosecution — викликатися в якості свідка обвинувачення

be covered by an extradition treaty — покриватися угодою про екстрадицію ( про злочин)

be defeated in a confidence vote — зазнавати поразки у голосуванні про вотум (не)довіри

be deprived of equal opportunities — бути позбавленим рівних можливостей

be disqualified from membership — ( of parliament) лишитися місця ( у парламенті) (про особу), не мати права бути членом ( парламенту)

be driven to madness by torture — збожеволіти від тортур

be elected for more than two terms — обиратися більше ніж на два терміни

be elected on the second ballot — = be elected on the second balloting бути обраним у другому турі виборів

be elected on the second balloting — = be elected on the second ballot

be engaged in activities that may endanger national security — займатися діяльність, що становить небезпеку для національної безпеки

be engaged in commercial activities — займатися комерційною діяльністю

be engaged in criminal activity — = be engaged in criminal activities займатися злочинною діяльністю

be engaged in criminal activities — = be engaged in criminal activity

be engaged in illicit activities — займатися недозволеною діяльність

be engaged in unlawful activities — займатися недозволеною діяльність

be entitled to humane treatment — мати право на гуманне поводження

be exempt from the jurisdiction of the receiving state — не підпадати під юрисдикцію держави-господаря

be exempt from the jurisdiction — не підпадати під юрисдикцію

be governed by international law — регулюватися міжнародним правом

be guaranteed by the constitution — гарантуватися конституцією

be held in preventive detention — утримуватися у попередньому ув'язненні

be immune from telephone tapping — бути захищеним від прослуховування телефону

be in de facto control of the territory — фактично контролювати територію

be in full control of the situation — контролювати становище

be indicted on corruption charges — обвинувачувати в корупції ( в обвинувальному акті)

be involved in criminal activity — = be involved in criminal activities займатися злочинною діяльністю

be involved in criminal activities — = be involved in criminal activity

be liable for all dilapidations — нести матеріальну відповідальність за всі пошкодження

be liable for tax under the act — оподатковуватися згідно закону ( про певний податок)

be not consistent in one's actions — бути непослідовним в своїх діях (вчинках)

be of a recommendatory character — = be of a recommendatory nature мати рекомендаційний характер

be of criminally punishable nature — мати кримінально караний характер

be on the register of a psychiatric clinic — перебувати на обліку у психіатричній лікарні

be overrepresented in a legislature — мати надлишок представництва в законодавчому органі

be placed under superintendence — = be placed under surveillance

be presented for the President's signature — подаватися на підпис Президенту ( про закон)

be punishable with two years' imprisonment — каратися двома роками ув'язнення

be put in charge of a judicial investigation — бути на чолі (очолювати) судового розслідування

be put in double jeopardy for the same offence — = be put in double jeopardy for the same offense судити двічі за один і той же злочин ( про злочинця)

be put in double jeopardy for the same offense — = be put in double jeopardy for the same offence

be recognized in international law — отримувати міжнародно-правове визнання

be reconstructed along democratic lines — демократизуватися

be regulated by international law — регламентуватися міжнародним правом

be released on an undertaking not to leave — ( a city) звільнятися під підписку про невиїзд ( з міста)

be resident out of the area of the court jurisdiction — проживати за межами юрисдикції суду

be responsible for one's actions — відповідати за свої дії (свою поведінку)

be subject to arbitrary judgement — = be subject to arbitrary judgment піддаватися довільному засудженню

be subject to arbitrary judgment — = be subject to arbitrary judgement

be subject to close control by legislation — = be subject to close control by legislation the courts підлягати суворому контролю з боку законодавчого органу (судів)

be subject to close control by legislation the courts — = be subject to close control by legislation

be subject to definition by the judiciary — підлягати визначенню судом (судовою владою)

be subject to immigration control — підлягати імміграційному контролю

be subject to legislative approval — підлягати затвердженню законодавчим органом

be subject to mandatory retirement at a fixed age — підлягати обов'язковому виходу у відставку (на пенсію) після досягнення визначеного віку

be subject to outside supervision — підлягати нагляду ззовні

be subject to state registration — підлягати державній реєстрації

be subject to the discretion of the court — вирішуватися судом; віддаватися на розсуд суду

be sure of one's identification — бути певним у правильності свого упізнання

be tried twice for the same offence — = be tried twice for the same offence offense судити двічі за один і той же злочин ( про злочинця)

be tried twice for the same offence offense — = be tried twice for the same offence

be under round-the-clock surveillance — перебувати під цілодобовим спостереженням

be under the control of the United Nations — перебувати під контролем ООН

be under the influence of alcohol — = be under the effect of alcohol

be under the influence of alcohol drugs — = be under the effect of alcohol

be under the effect of alcohol drugs — = be under the effect of alcohol

be underrepresented in a legislature — бути недостатньо представленим в законодавчому органі

be within reach of the interested public — бути доступним для зацікавлених осіб

- be arrested on a charge
- be brought before a court
- be brought before a magistrate
- be effective as law
- be punished on an indictment
- be shaken on cross-examination
- be a fugitive from justice
- be a judge
- be a lawyer
- be a party to a crime
- be a representative
- be a violation
- be about to commit an offence
- be about to commit an offense
- be above the law
- be absent
- be absent from court
- be absent from duty
- be absent from work
- be accountable
- be accused
- be accused of bribe-taking
- be accused of high treason
- be actionable
- be actionable on proof
- be admitted to bail
- be admitted to citizenship
- be admitted to the bar
- be affixed
- be allowed as evidence
- be allowed in evidence
- be ambushed
- be answerable
- be appointed by the president
- be appointed a judge
- be approved by the legislature
- be armed
- be arrested en masse
- be at fault
- be at law
- be at quarrel
- be at the Bar
- be at the crime scene
- be at war
- be authorized by the situation
- be aware
- be aware of a risk
- be aware of one's rights
- be aware of the crime
- be based
- be behind bars
- be beneath one's dignity
- be biased
- be booked for speeding
- be born in lawful wedlock
- be brought to court for trial
- be brought up
- be brought up to one's trial
- be called to the Bar
- be called upon to testify
- be cast in lawsuit
- be censored
- be chairman
- be chairwoman
- be charged
- be charged on the article
- be charged with high treason
- be confirmed
- be considered an authority
- be constitutionally based
- be convicted of murder
- be criminally liable
- be debated
- be deemed harmful to health
- be defeated in elections
- be defined by law
- be deprived
- be deprived of legal validity
- be deprived of privileges
- be detained in one's home
- be discussed
- be dislocated
- be dispossessed
- be divorced
- be down for a speech
- be educated
- be educated in law
- be elected
- be elected by direct ballot
- be elected for a second term
- be elected President
- be eligible
- be eligible for an amnesty
- be eligible for consideration
- be engaged
- be engaged in prostitution
- be entangled by intrigue
- be entitled
- be entitled to an attorney
- be entitled to benefit
- be entitled to speak and vote
- be equal before the law
- be equal in rights
- be equally authentic
- be exact in one's payments
- be exempt from control
- be exempted from taxation
- be expert with a revolver
- be fined for speeding
- be found guilty
- be found guilty on all counts
- be found not guilty
- be free from forced marriage
- be given a clearance
- be given security clearance
- be governed
- be guaranteed against loss
- be guided
- be guilty
- be guilty of murder
- be head
- be heard by counsel
- be heard in one's defence
- be heard in one's defense
- be heavily taxed
- be held legally responsible
- be held liable
- be high on drugs
- be hurtful to the health
- be ignorant
- be immune
- be immune from attachment
- be immune from execution
- be immune from jurisdiction
- be immune from prosecution
- be immune from requisition
- be immune from search
- be implicated in a case
- be implicated in a crime
- be in a mora
- be in abeyance
- be in accordance with the law
- be in arrear
- be in arrears
- be in breach
- be in charge
- be in charge of a department
- be in conference
- be in continuous session
- be in control of one's actions
- be in control of the territory
- be in custody
- be in debt
- be in default
- be in dispute
- be in exile
- be in foster care
- be in hiding
- be in hock
- be in jail
- be in jeopardy
- be in office
- be in on a racket
- be in possession
- be in power
- be in prison
- be in protest
- be in session
- be in the chair
- be in the clear
- be in the committee
- be in the dock
- be in the majority
- be in the minority
- be in the possession
- be in trouble
- be in trouble with the law
- be inaugurated as president
- be incited
- be included in a commission
- be included in the amnesty
- be innocent of the crime
- be inspired
- be instigated
- be instructed in law
- be interdicted by law
- be involved
- be implicated in a case
- be implicated in the crime
- be legally entitled
- be legally obligated
- be legally responsible
- be levied with a tax
- be liable
- be liable to smth.
- be liable civilly
- be liable criminally
- be liable for confiscation
- be liable for punishment
- be liable for tax
- be liable to prosecution
- be made known
- be made widely known
- be morally bankrupt
- be number one on the hit list
- be of a recommendatory nature
- be of counsel
- be of full age
- be of legal age
- be of little legal consequence
- be of provocative character
- be on a death row
- be on a tour of inspection
- be on all fours
- be on charge
- be on duty
- be on leave
- be on one's trail
- be on patrol
- be on picket
- be on remand
- be on the downward path
- be on the floor
- be on the force
- be on the run
- be on the staff
- be on the stakeout
- be on the take
- be on the track
- be on the wanted circular
- be on the wanted list
- be operating illegally
- be out of court
- be out of it
- be out of uniform
- be out of work
- be out
- be outlawed
- be outside the reference
- be outvoted
- be persecuted
- be personally liable
- be placed in the dock
- be placed into the dock
- be placed under surveillance
- be popularly elected
- be prejudiced
- be present at the death
- be present at the hearing
- be privately owned
- be privileged from arrest
- be proctorized
- be prohibited by law
- be proscribed by law
- be prosecutable by law
- be prosecuted
- be proxy
- be pulled in for speeding
- be punishable
- be put in the dock
- be put into the dock
- be put on parole
- be put on trial
- be qualified for membership
- be raised to the bench
- be re-elected
- be received in audience
- be regulated
- be rehabilitated
- be released at large
- be released from prison
- be remiss in duties
- be responsible
- be rounded up
- be seised of an issue
- be sent on an embassy
- be sentenced to death
- be sentenced to life
- be served with a summons
- be sought for murder
- be steeped in crime
- be struck off the list
- be struck off the records
- be subject
- be subject to a rule
- be subject to an interception
- be subject to call
- be subject to control
- be subject to law
- be subject to licence
- be subject to license
- be subject to limitations
- be subject to penalty
- be subject to punishment
- be subject to qualifications
- be subject to ratification
- be subject to review
- be subject to sanction
- be subject to the supervision
- be subject to torture
- be subjected to censorship
- be subjected to discrimination
- be subjected to interrogation
- be subjected to penalty
- be subjected to persecution
- be subjected to reprisals
- be subjected to repressions
- be subjected to victimization
- be subordinate only to the law
- be subversive of discipline
- be sued
- be sued civilly
- be suspected
- be taxed
- be tortured to death
- be trained in law
- be trapped
- be treated as a crime
- be tried
- be under cognizance
- be under a ban
- be under a cloud
- be under a suspicion
- be under accusation
- be under age
- be under an accusation
- be under arrest
- be under constant surveillance
- be under debate
- be under discussion
- be under examination
- be under indictment
- be under investigation
- be under legal age
- be under surveillance
- be under suspicion
- be under the control
- be under the effect of alcohol
- be under the jurisdiction
- be unopposed in the election
- be unopposed in the elections
- be valid
- be valid for a certain period
- be vested in the people
- be vicariously liable
- be victimized
- be well versed in law
- be widely defined
- be within cognizance
- be without appeal
- be without further appeal
- be wrong

English-Ukrainian law dictionary > be
17 stage

стадия, этап; ступень; звено; каскад; отрезок ( маршрута)

incipient stage of the spin — начальная стадия штопора

Mars lander descent stage — посадочная ступень КЛА для посадки на Марс

overshoot stage of the flight — этап ухода на второй круг

stage of the countdown — ркт. этап счета времени (при подготовке к пуску)

— air-breathing stage

— ascent stage

— axial compressor stage

— balloon stage

— booster stage

— buffer stage

— burnout stage

— centrifugal compressor stage

— compression stage

— compressor stage

— contract definition stage

— cryogenic stage

— deboost stage

— descent stage

— design stage

— development stage

— downward stage

— dummy stage

— earlier stage

— ejection stage

— expansion stage

— expendable stage

— expended stage

— fan stage

— final stage

— flare-stabilized stage

— flight-test stage

— flying stage

— full-thrust stage

— ground-test stage

— hardware stage

— high-energy stage

— high-impulse stage

— high-pressure stage

— ignition stage

— inert stage

— injection stage

— inline stages

— instrumented stage

— kick stage

— lander stage

— landing stage

— last stage

— launching stage

— launch-vehicle stage

— lifting reusable stage

— liquid-fuel stage

— liquid-propellant stage

— liquid-propelled stage

— live stage

— lower stage

— low-pressure stage

— lunar landing stage

— main stage

— maneuverable stage

— maneuvering stage

— manned stage

— manufacturing stage

— mated stages

— missile stage

— mock-up stage

— moon stay stage

— moving-blade stage

— nuclear-powered stage

— nuclear-rocket stage

— piloted stage

— planning stage

— power-amplifier stage

— powered stage

— preliminary amplifying stage

— preliminary burning stage

— preliminary design stage

— preliminary stage

— pressure stage

— primary stage

— proposal stage

— propulsion stage

— prototype stage

— pulsejet charging stage

— pulsejet combustion stage

— pulsejet explosion stage

— ramjet stage

— recoverable stage

— reduced-thrust stage

— reefed stage

— rendezvous stage

— retro stage

— return stage

— reusable stage

— rocket stage

— scavenge stage

— scavenging stage

— sequential stages

— short-burning stage

— solid-motor stage

— solid-propellant stage

— spacecraft stage

— spent stage

— stage of reheat

— stationary-blade stage

— stator stage

— subsonic stage

— supersonic stage

— sustalner stage

— takeoff flight stage

— terminal stage

— throttleable stage

— thrust stage

— top stage

— transition stage

— turbine stage

— unmanned stage

— uppermost stage

— variable-swept wing stage

— water-filled stage

— zero stage

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > stage
18 अर्थः _arthḥ

अर्थः [In some of its senses from अर्थ्; in others from ऋ-थन् Uṇ.2.4; अर्थते ह्यसौ अर्थिभिः Nir.]

1 Object, pur- pose, end and aim; wish, desire; ज्ञातार्थो ज्ञातसंबन्धः श्रोतुं श्रोता प्रवर्तते, सिद्ध˚, ˚परिपन्थी Mu.5; ˚वशात् 5.8; स्मर्तव्यो$स्मि सत्यर्थे Dk.117 if it be necessary; Y.2.46; M.4.6; oft. used in this sense as the last member of compounds and translated by 'for', 'intended for', 'for the sake of', 'on account of', 'on behalf of', and used like an adj. to qualify nouns; अर्थेन तु नित्य- समासो विशेष्यनिघ्रता च Vārt.; सन्तानार्थाय विधये R.1.34; तां देवतापित्रतिथिक्रियार्थाम् (धेनुम्) 2.16; द्विजार्था यवागूः Sk.; यज्ञार्थात्कर्मणो$न्यत्र Bg.3.9. It mostly occurs in this sense as अर्थम्, अर्थे or अर्थाय and has an adverbial force; (a) किमर्थम् for what purpose, why; यदर्थम् for whom or which; वेलोपलक्षणार्थम् Ś.4; तद्दर्शनादभूच्छम्भोर्भूयान्दारार्थ- मादरः Ku.6.13; (b) परार्थे प्राज्ञ उत्सृजेत् H.1.41; गवार्थे ब्राह्मणार्थे च Pt.1.42; मदर्थे त्यक्तजीविताः Bg.1.9; (c) सुखार्थाय Pt.4.18; प्रत्याख्याता मया तत्र नलस्यार्थाय देवताः Nala.13.19; ऋतुपर्णस्य चार्थाय 23.9.

-2 Cause, motive, reason, ground, means; अलुप्तश्च मुनेः क्रियार्थः R. 2.55 means or cause; अतो$र्थात् Ms.2.213.

-3 Meaning, sense, signification, import; अर्थ is of 3 kinds:-- वाच्य or expressed, लक्ष्य or indicated (secondary), and व्यङ्ग्य or suggested; तददोषौ शब्दार्थौ K. P.1; अर्थो वाच्यश्च लक्ष्यश्च व्यङ्ग्यश्चेति त्रिधा मतः S. D.2; वागर्थाविव R.1.1; अवेक्ष्य धातोर्गमनार्थमर्थवित् 3.21.

-4 A thing, object, substance; लक्ष्मणो$र्थं ततः श्रुत्वा Rām.7.46.18; अर्थो हि कन्या परकीय एव Ś.4.22; that which can be perceived by the senses, an object of sense; इन्द्रिय˚ H.1.146; Ku.7.71; R.2.51; न निर्बद्धा उपसर्गा अर्थान्निराहुः Nir.; इन्द्रियेभ्यः परा ह्यर्था अर्थेभ्यश्च परं मनः Kaṭh. (the objects of sense are five: रूप, रस, गन्ध, स्पर्श and शब्द); शब्दः स्पर्शो रसो गन्धो रूपं चेत्यर्थजातयः Bhāg.11.22.16.

-5 (a) An affair, business, matter, work; प्राक् प्रतिपन्नो$यमर्थो$- ङ्गराजाय Ve.3; अर्थो$यमर्थान्तरभाव्य एव Ku.3.18; अर्थो$र्था- नुबन्धी Dk.67; सङ्गीतार्थः Me.66 business of singing i. e. musical concert (apparatus of singing); सन्देशार्थाः Me. 5 matters of message, i. e. messages; (b) Interest, object; स्वार्थसाधनतत्परः Ms.4.196; द्वयमेवार्थसाधनम् R.1. 19;2.21; दुरापे$र्थे 1.72; सर्वार्थचिन्तकः Ms.7.121; माल- विकायां न मे कश्चिदर्थः M.3 I have no interest in M. (c) Subject-matter, contents (as of letters &c.); त्वामव- गतार्थं करिष्यति Mu.1 will acquaint you with the matter; उत्तरो$यं लेखार्थः ibid.; तेन हि अस्य गृहीतार्था भवामि V.2 if so I should know its contents; ननु परिगृहीतार्थो$- स्मि कृतो भवता V.5; तया भवतो$विनयमन्तरेण परिगृहीतार्था कृता देवी M.4 made acquainted with; त्वया गृहीतार्थया अत्रभवती कथं न वारिता 3; अगृहीतार्थे आवाम् Ś.6; इति पौरान् गृहीतार्थान् कृत्वा ibid.

-6 Wealth, riches, property, money (said to be of 3 kinds: शुक्ल honestly got; शबल got by more or less doubtful means, and कृष्ण dishonestly got;) त्यागाय संभृतार्थानाम् R.1.7; धिगर्थाः कष्टसंश्रयाः Pt.1.163; अर्थानामर्जने दुःखम् ibid.; सस्यार्थास्तस्य मित्राणि1.3; तेषामर्थे नियुञ्जीत शूरान् दक्षान् कुलोद्गतान् Ms.7.62.

-7 Attainment of riches or worldly prosperity, regarded as one of the four ends of human existence, the other three being धर्म, काम and मोक्ष; with अर्थ and काम, धर्म forms the well-known triad; cf. Ku.5.38; अप्यर्थकामौ तस्यास्तां धर्म एव मनीषिणः R.1.25.

-8 (a) Use, advantage, profit, good; तथा हि सर्वे तस्यासन् परार्थैकफला गुणाः R.1.29 for the good of others; अर्थान- र्थावुभौ बुद्ध्वा Ms.8.24 good and evil; क्षेत्रिणामर्थः 9.52; यावानर्थ उदपाने सर्वतः सांप्लुतोदके Bg.2.46; also व्यर्थ, निरर्थक q. v. (b) Use, want, need, concern, with instr.; को$र्थः पुत्रेण जातेन Pt.1 what is the use of a son being born; कश्च तेनार्थः Dk.59; को$र्थस्तिरश्चां गुणैः Pt.2.33 what do brutes care for merits; Bh.2.48; योग्येनार्थः कस्य न स्याज्ज- नेन Ś.18.66; नैव तस्य कृतेनार्थो नाकृतेनेह कश्चन Bg.3.18; यदि प्राणैरिहार्थो वो निवर्तध्वम् Rām. को नु मे जीवितेनार्थः Nala.12. 65.

-9 Asking, begging; request, suit, petition.

-1 Action, plaint (in law); अर्थ विरागाः पश्यन्ति Rām.2.1. 58; असाक्षिकेषु त्वर्थेषु Ms.8.19.

-11 The actual state, fact of the matter; as in यथार्थ, अर्थतः, ˚तत्वविद्, यदर्थेन विनामुष्य पुंस आत्मविपर्ययः Bhāg.3.7.1.

-12 Manner, kind, sort.

-13 Prevention, warding off; मशकार्थो धूमः; prohibition, abolition (this meaning may also be derived from 1 above).

-14 Price (perhaps an incorrect form for अर्घ).

-15 Fruit, result (फलम्). तस्य नानुभवेदर्थं यस्य हेतोः स रोपितः Rām.6.128.7; Mb.12.175.5.

-16 N. of a son of धर्म.

-17 The second place from the लग्न (in astr.).

-18 N. of Viṣṇu.

-19 The category called अपूर्व (in पूर्वमीमांसा); अर्थ इति अपूर्वं ब्रूमः । ŚB. on MS.7.1.2.

-2 Force (of a statement or an expres- sion); अर्थाच्च सामर्थ्याच्च क्रमो विधीयते । ŚB. on MS.5.1.2. [अर्थात् = by implication].

-21 The need, purpose, sense; व्यवधानादर्थो बलीयान् । ŚB. on MS.6.4.23.

-22 Capacity, power; अर्थाद्वा कल्पनैकदेशत्वात् । Ms.1.4.3 (where Śabara paraphrases अर्थात् by सामर्थ्यात् and states the rule: आख्यातानामर्थं ब्रुवतां शक्तिः सहकारिणी ।), cf. अर्थो$भिधेयरैवस्तुप्रयोजननिवृत्तिषु । मोक्षकारणयोश्च...... Nm.

-Comp. -अतिदेशः Extension (of gender, number &e.) to the objects (as against words), i. e. to treat a single object as though it were many, a female as though it were male. (तन्त्रवार्त्तिक 1.2.58.3;6.3.34.7).

-अधिकारः charge of money, office of treasurer ˚रे न नियोक्तव्यौ H.2.

-अधिकारिन् m. a treasurer, one charged with finan- cial duties, finance minister.

-अनुपपत्तिः f. The difficulty of accounting for or explaining satisfactorily a particular meaning; incongruity of a particular meaning (तन्त्रवार्त्तिक 4.3.42.2).

-अनुयायिन् a. Following the rules (शास्त्र); तत्त्रिकालहितं वाक्यं धर्म्यमर्थानुयायि च Rām.5.51.21.

-अन्वेषणम् inquiry after a matter.

-अन्तरम् 1 another or different meaning.

-2 another cause or motive; अर्थो$यम- र्थान्तरभाव्य एव Ku.3.18.

-3 A new matter or circum- stance, new affair.

-4 opposite or antithetical meaning, difference of meaning. ˚न्यासः a figure of speech in which a general proposition is adduced to support a particular instance, or a particular instance, to support a general proposition; it is an inference from parti- cular to general and vice versa; उक्तिरर्थान्तरन्यासः स्यात् सामान्यविशेषयोः । (1) हनूमानब्धिमतरद् दुष्करं किं महात्मनाम् ॥ (2) गुणवद्वस्तुसंसर्गाद्याति नीचो$पि गौरवम् । पुष्पमालानुषङ्गेण सूत्रं शिरसि धार्यते Kuval.; cf. also K. P.1 and S. D.79. (Ins- tances of this figure abound in Sanskrit literature, especi- ally in the works of Kālidāsa, Māgha and Bhāravi).

-अन्वित a.

1 rich, wealthy.

-2 significant.

-अभिधान a.

1 That whose name is connected with the purpose to be served by it; अर्थाभिधानं प्रयोजनसम्बद्धमभिधानं यस्य, यथा पुरोडाश- कपालमिति पुरोडाशार्थं कपालं पुरोडाशकपालम् । ŚB. on MS.4.1. 26.

-2 Expression or denotation of the desired meaning (वार्त्तिक 3.1.2.5.).

-अर्थिन् a. one who longs for or strives to get wealth or gain any object. अर्थार्थी जीवलोको$यम् । आर्तो जिज्ञासुरर्थार्थी Bg.7.16.

-अलंकरः a figure of speech determined by and dependent on the sense, and not on sound (opp. शब्दालंकार). अलंकारशेखर of केशवमिश्र mentions (verse 29) fourteen types of अर्थालंकारs as follows:- उपमारूपकोत्प्रेक्षाः समासोक्तिरपह्नुतिः । समाहितं स्वभावश्च विरोधः सारदीपकौ ॥ सहोक्तिरन्यदेशत्वं विशेषोक्तिर्विभावना । एवं स्युरर्थालकारा- श्चतुर्दश न चापरे ॥

-आगमः 1 acquisition of wealth, income; ˚गमाय स्यात् Pt.1. cf. also अर्थागमो नित्यमरोगिता च H.

-2 collection of property.

-3 conveying of sense; S. D.737.

-आपत्तिः f. [अर्थस्य अनुक्तार्थस्य आपत्तिः सिद्धिः]

1 an inference from circumstances, presumption, im- plication, one of the five sources of knowledge or modes of proof, according to the Mīmāṁsakas. It is 'deduc- tion of a matter from that which could not else be'; it is 'assumption of a thing, not itself perceived but necessarily implied by another which is seen, heard, or proved'; it is an inference used to account for an apparent inconsistency; as in the familiar instance पीनो देवदत्तो दिवा न भुङ्क्ते the apparent inconsistency between 'fatness' and 'not eating by day' is accounted for by the inference of his 'eating by night'. पीनत्वविशि- ष्टस्य देवदत्तस्य रात्रिभोजित्वरूपार्थस्य शब्दानुक्तस्यापि आपत्तिः. It is defined by Śabara as दृष्टः श्रुतो वार्थो$न्यथा नोपपद्यते इत्यर्थ- कल्पना । यथा जीवति देवदत्ते गृहाभावदर्शनेन बहिर्भावस्यादृष्टस्य कल्पना ॥ Ms.1.1.5. It may be seen from the words दृष्टः and श्रुतः in the above definition, that Śabara has sug- gested two varieties of अर्थापत्ति viz. दृष्टार्थापत्ति and श्रुता- र्थापत्ति. The illustration given by him, however, is of दृष्टार्थापत्ति only. The former i. e. दृष्टार्थापत्ति consists in the presumption of some अदृष्ट अर्थ to account for some दृष्ट अर्थ (or अर्थs) which otherwise becomes inexplicable. The latter, on the other hand, consists in the presump- tion of some अर्थ through अश्रुत शब्द to account for some श्रुत अर्थ (i. e. some statement). This peculiarity of श्रुतार्थापत्ति is clearly stated in the following couplet; यत्र त्वपरिपूर्णस्य वाक्यस्यान्वयसिद्धये । शब्दो$ध्याह्रियते तत्र श्रुतार्थापत्ति- रिष्यते ॥ Mānameyodaya p.129 (ed. by K. Raja, Adyar, 1933). Strictly speaking it is no separate mode of proof; it is only a case of अनुमान and can be proved by a व्यतिरेकव्याप्ति; cf. Tarka. K.17 and S. D.46.

-2 a figure of speech (according to some rhe- toricians) in which a relevant assertion suggests an inference not actually connected with the the subject in hand, or vice versa; it corresponds to what is popularly called कैमुतिकन्याय or दण्डापूपन्याय; e. g. हारो$यं हरिणाक्षीणां लुण्ठति स्तनमण्डले । मुक्तानामप्यवस्थेयं के वयं स्मरकिङ्कराः Amaru.1; अभितप्तमयो$पि मार्दवं भजते कैव कथा शरीरिषु R.8.43.; S. D. thus defines the figure:- दण्डापूपिकन्यायार्थागमो$र्थापत्तिरिष्यते.

-उत्पत्तिः f. acquisition of wealth; so ˚उपार्जनम्.

-उपक्षेपकः an introductory scene (in dramas); अर्थोपक्षेपकाः पञ्च S. D.38. They are विष्कम्भ, चूलिका, अङ्कास्य, अङ्कावतार, प्रवेशक.

-उपमा a simile dependent on sense and not on sound; see under उपमा.

-उपार्जनम् Acquiring wealth.

-उष्मन् m. the glow or warmth of wealth; अर्थोष्मणा विरहितः पुरुषः स एव Bh.2.4.

-ओघः, -राशिः treasure, hoard of money.

-कर (

-री f.),

-कृत a.

1 bringing in wealth, enriching; अर्थकरी च विद्या H. Pr.3.

-2 useful, advan- tageous.

-कर्मन् n.

1 a principal action (opp. गुणकर्मन्).

-2 (as opposed to प्रतिपत्तिकर्मन्), A fruitful act (as opposed to mere disposal or प्रतिपत्ति); अर्थकर्म वा कर्तृ- संयोगात् स्रग्वत् । MS.4.2.17.

-काम a. desirous of wealth. (-˚मौ dual), wealth and (sensual) desire or pleasure; अप्यर्थकामौ तस्यास्तां धर्म एव मनीषिणः R.1.25. ह्रत्वार्थकामास्तु गुरूनिहैव Bg.2.5.

-कार्ष्यम् Poverty. निर्बन्धसंजातरुषार्थकार्घ्यमचिन्तयित्वा गुरुणाहमुक्तः R.5.21.

-काशिन् a. Only apparently of utility (not really).

-किल्बिषिन् a. dishonest in money-matters.

-कृच्छ्रम् 1 a difficult matter.

-2 pecuniary difficulty; व्यसनं वार्थकृच्छ्रे वा Rām.4.7.9; Mb.3.2.19; cf. also Kau. A.1.15 न मुह्येदर्थकृच्छ्रेषु Nīti.

-कृत्यम् doing or execution of a business; अभ्युपेतार्थकृत्याः Me.4.

-कोविद a. Expert in a matter, experienced. उवाच रामो धर्मात्मा पुनरप्यर्थकोविदः Rām.6.4.8.

-क्रमः due order or sequ- ence of purpose.

-क्रिया (a) An implied act, an act which is to be performed as a matter of course (as opposed to शब्दोक्तक्रिया); असति शब्दोक्ते अर्थक्रिया भवति ŚB. on MS.12.1.12. (b) A purposeful action. (see अर्थकर्मन्).

-गत a.

1 based on the sense (as a दोष).

-2 devoid of sense.

-गतिः understanding the sense.

-गुणाः cf. भाविकत्वं सुशब्दत्वं पर्यायोक्तिः सुधर्मिता । चत्वारो$र्थगुणाः प्रोक्ताः परे त्वत्रैव संगताः ॥ अलंकारशेखर 21.

-गृहम् A treasury. Hariv.

-गौरवम् depth of meaning; भारवेरर्थगौरवम् Udb., Ki.2.27.

-घ्न a. (

घ्नी f.) extrava- gant, wasteful, prodigal; सुरापी व्याधिता धूर्ता वन्ध्यार्थघ्न्य- प्रियंवदा Y.1.73; व्याधिता वाधिवेत्तव्या हिंस्रार्थघ्नी च सर्वदा Ms.9.8.

-चित्रम् 'variety in sense', a pun, Kāvya- prakāśa.

-चिन्तक a.

1 thinking of profit.

-2 having charge of affairs; सर्वार्थचिन्तकः Ms.7.121.

-चिन्ता, -चिन्तनम् charge or administration of (royal) affairs; मन्त्री स्यादर्थचिन्तायाम् S. D.

-जात a.

1 full of meaning.

-2 wealthy (जातधन).

(-तम्) 1 a collection of things.

-2 large amount of wealth, considerable property; Dk.63, Ś.6; ददाति च नित्यमर्थजातम् Mk.2.7.

-3 all matters; कवय इव महीपाश्चिन्तयन्त्यर्थजातम् Śi.11.6.

-4 its own meaning; वहन्द्वयीं यद्यफले$र्थजाते Ki.3.48.

-ज्ञ a. knowing the sense or purpose; अर्थज्ञ इत्सकलं भद्रमश्नुते Nir.

-तत्त्वम् 1 the real truth, the fact of the matter; यो$र्थतत्त्वमविज्ञाय क्रोधस्यैव वशं गतः H.4.94.

-2 the real nature or cause of anything.

-द a.

1 yielding wealth; Dk.41.

-2 advantageous, productive of good, useful.

-3 liberal, munificent Ms.2.19.

-4 favour- able, compliant. (

-दः) N. of Kubera.

-दर्शकः 'one who sees law-suits'; a judge.

-दर्शनम् perception of objects; कुरुते दीप इवार्थदर्शनम् Ki.2.33; Dk.155.

-दूषणम् 1 extravagance, waste; H.3.18; Ms.7.48.

-2 unjust seizure of property or withholding what is due.

-3 finding fault with the meaning.

-4 spoiling of another's property.

-दृश् f. Consideration of truth; क्षेमं त्रिलोकगुरुरर्थदृशं च यच्छन् Bhāg.1.86.21.

-दृष्टिः Seeing profit; Bhāg.

-दोषः a literary fault or blemish with regard to the sense, one of the four doṣas or blemishes of literary composition, the other three being परदोष, पदांशदोष, वाक्यदोष; for definitions &c. see K. P.7. अलंकारशेखर of केशवमिश्र who mentions eight types of doṣas as follows: अष्टार्थदोषाः विरस, -ग्राम्य, -व्याहत, -खिन्नताः । -हीना, -धिका, सदृक्साम्यं देशादीनां विरोधि च ॥ 17

-द्वयविधानम् Injunction of two ideas or senses; विधाने चार्थद्वयविधानं दोषः ŚB. on MS.1.8.7.

-नित्य a. = अर्थ- प्रधान Nir.

-निबन्धन a. dependent on wealth.

-निश्चयः determination, decision.

-प्रतिः 1 'the lord of riches', a a king; किंचिद् विहस्यार्थपतिं बभाषे R.2.46;1.59;9.3;18.1; Pt.1.74.

-2 an epithet of Kubera.

-पदम् N. of the Vārt. on Pāṇini; ससूत्रवृत्त्यर्थपदं महार्थं ससंग्रहं सिद्ध्यति वै कपीन्द्रः Rām.7.36.45.

-पर, -लुब्ध a.

1 intent on gaining wealth, greedy of wealth, covetous.

-2 niggardly, parsimonious; हिंस्रा दयालुरपि चार्थपरा वदान्या Bh.2.47; Pt.1.425.

-प्रकृतिः f. the leading source or occasion of the grand object in a drama; (the number of these 'sources' is five:-- बीजं बिन्दुः पताका च प्रकरी कार्यमेव च । अर्थप्रकृतयः पञ्च ज्ञात्वा योज्या यथाविधि S. D.317.)

-प्रयोगः 1 usury.

-2 administration of the affairs (of a state)

-प्राप्त a. derived or understood from the sense included as a matter of course, implied; परिसमाप्तिः शब्दार्थः । परिसमाप्त्यामर्थप्राप्तत्वादारम्भस्य । ŚB. on MS.6.2.13.

-˚त्वम् Inplication.

-बन्धः 1 arrange- ment of words, composition, text; stanza, verse; संचिन्त्य गीतक्षममर्थबन्धम् Ś.7.5; ललितार्थबन्धम् V.2.14 put or expressed in elegant words.

-2. connection (of the soul) with the objects of sense.

-बुद्धि a. selfish.

-बोधः indication of the (real) import.

-भाज् a. entitled to a share in the division of property.

-भावनम् Delibera- tion over a subject (Pātañjala Yogadarśana 1.28).

-भृत् a. receiving high wages (as a servant).

-भेदः distinc- tion or difference of meaning; अर्थभेदेन शब्दभेदः.

-मात्रम्, -त्रा 1 property, wealth; Pt.2.

-2 the whole sense or object.

-युक्त a. significant, full of यस्यार्थयुक्तं meaning; गिरिराजशब्दं कुर्वन्ति Ku.1.13.

-लक्षण a. As determined by the purpose or need (as opposed to शब्दलक्षण); लोके कर्मार्थलक्षणम् Ms.11.1.26.

-लाभः acquisition of wealth.

-लोभः avarice.

-वशः power in the form of discrimination and knowledge. अर्थवशात् सप्तरूपविनिवृत्ताम् Sāvk.65.

-वादः 1 declaration of any purpose.

-2 affirmation, declaratory assertion, an explanatory remark, exegesis; speech or assertion having a certain object; a sentence. (It usually recommends a विधि or precept by stating the good arising from its proper observance, and the evils arising from its omission, and also by adducing historical instances in its support; स्तुतिर्निन्दा परकृतिः पुराकल्प इत्यर्थवादः Gaut. Sūt.; said by Laugākṣi to be of 3 kinds:- गुणवादो विरोधे स्यादनु वादो$वधारिते । भूतार्थवादस्तद्धानादर्थ- वादस्त्रिधा मतः; the last kind includes many varieties.)

-3 one of the six means of finding out the tātparya (real aim and object) of any work.

-4 praise, eulogy; अर्थवाद एषः । दोषं तु मे कंचित्कथय U.1.

-विकरणम् = अर्थ- विक्रिया change of meaning.

-विकल्पः 1 deviation from truth, perversion of fact.

-2 prevarication; also ˚वैकल्प्यम्

-विज्ञानम् comprehending the sense, one of the six exercises of the understanding (धीगुण).

-विद् a. sensible, wise, sagacious. भुङ्क्ते तदपि तच्चान्यो मधुहेवार्थविन्मधु Bhāg.11.18.15. विवक्षतामर्थविदस्तत्क्षणप्रतिसंहृताम् Śi.

-विद्या knowledge of practical life; Mb.7.

-विपत्तिः Failing of an aim; समीक्ष्यतां चार्थविपत्तिमार्गताम् Rām.2.19.4.

-विभावक a. money-giver; विप्रेभ्यो$र्थविभावकः Mb.3.33. 84.

-विप्रकर्षः difficulty in the comprehension of the sense.

-विशेषणम् a reprehensive repetition of something uttered by another; S. D.49.

-वृद्धिः f. accumulation of wealth.

-व्ययः expenditure; ˚ज्ञ a. conversant with money-matters.

-शब्दौ Word and sense.

-शालिन् a. Wealthy.

-शास्त्रम् 1 the science of wealth (political economy).

-2 science of polity, political science, politics; अर्थशास्त्रविशारदं सुधन्वानमुपाध्यायम् Rām.2.1.14. Dk.12; इह खलु अर्थशास्त्रकारास्त्रिविधां सिद्धिमुपवर्णयन्ति Mu.3; ˚व्यवहारिन् one dealing with politics, a politician; Mu.5.

-3 science giving precepts on general conduct, the science of practical life; Pt.1.

-शौचम् purity or honesty in money-matters; सर्वेषां चैव शौचानामर्थशौचं परं स्मृतं Ms. 5.16.

-श्री Great wealth.

-संस्थानम् 1 accumulation of wealth.

-2 treasury.

-संग्रहः, -संचयः accumulation or acquisition of wealth, treasure, property. कोशेनाश्रयणी- यत्वमिति तस्यार्थसंग्रहः R.17.6. कुदेशमासाद्य कुतो$र्थसंचयः H.

-संग्रहः a book on Mīmāṁsā by Laugākṣi Bhāskara.

-सतत्त्वम् truth; किं पुनरत्रार्थसतत्त्वम् । देवा ज्ञातुमर्हन्ति MBh. or P.VIII.3.72.

-समाजः aggregate of causes.

-समाहारः 1 treasure.

-2 acquisition of wealth.

-संपद् f. accomplishment of a desired object; उपेत्य संघर्ष- मिवार्थसंपदः Ki.1.15.

-संपादनम् Carrying out of an affair; Ms.7.168.

-संबन्धः connection of the sense with the word or sentence.

-संबन्धिन् a. Concerned or interested in an affair; Ms.8.64.

-साधक a.

1 accomplishing any object.

-2 bringing any matter to a conclusion.

-सारः considerable wealth; Pt.2.42.

-सिद्ध a. understood from the very context (though not expressed in words), inferable from the connection of words.

-सिद्धिः f. fulfilment of a desired object, success. द्वारमिवार्थसिद्धेः R.2.21.

-हानिः Loss of wealth

-हारिन् a. stealing money Ks.

-हर a. inheriting wealth.

-हीन a.

1 deprived of wealth, poor.

-2 unmeaning, nonsensical.

-3 failing.

Sanskrit-English dictionary > अर्थः _arthḥ
19 image

1. изображение; изображать, получать изображение, формировать изображение

inversion of image — обращение изображения

low-luminosity image — бледное изображение

monochrome image — монохромное изображение

paraxial image — параксиальное изображение

radar image — радиолокационное изображение

2. отпечаток

derived image — контактный отпечаток

3. фотографический снимок, фотоснимок

image shape — формат снимка

x-ray image — рентгеновский снимок

dimensions of image — формат снимка

developed image — проявленный фотоснимок

sectional image — томографический снимок

4. отображение; отображать

aerial image — изображение «в воздухе»

after images — последовательные изображения

autotype image — автоматическое изображение

bifurcate image — раздвоенное изображение

bit-map ped image — поэлементно обработанное изображение

black-and-white image — чёрно-белое изображение

mask image — отображение маски

image domain — область отображения

image of system — отображение системы

display image — визуальное отображение

image method — метод зеркального отображения

5. пробельные элементы печатной формы

image point — элемент изображения

image element — элемент изображения

image well — ячейка формы глубокой печати

direct image plate — форма с прямым изображением

planographic image carrier — форма плоской печати

6. слепое изображение

blueline image — синий оттиск, «синька»

blurred image — неясное изображение

brilliant image — яркое изображение

broken image — отсутствие изображения в отдельных участках рисунка

bronzed image — бронзированное изображение

camera image — изображение, образованное объективом фотокамеры

character image — изображение знака или буквы

charge image — зарядное изображение; зарядный рельеф

coarse-grain image — крупнозернистое изображение

color image — цветное изображение

color separation image — цветоделённое изображение

comic-strip oriented image — горизонтальное изображение

component image — частичное изображение

composite image — сборное изображение

conductivity image — электропроводящее изображение, изображение, обладающее электропроводностью

contour image — контурное изображение

image transmitter — передатчик изображения

image warping — деформирование изображения

reversion of image — обращение изображения

shadow-free image — бестеневое изображение

space image — пространственное изображение

7. изображение на копии

image transfer device — устройство для переноса изображения

image receiving plate — пластина, воспринимающая изображение

fixing the toner image — закрепление порошкового изображения

coded image — закодированное изображение; графический объект

ccd image array — матричный формирователь изображения на ПЗС

8. изображение на оригинале

correct image — прямое изображение

crisp image — чёткое изображение

videophone image — изображение, переданное по видеотелефону

undertable image intensifier — нижний усилитель изображения

undercouch image intensifier — нижний усилитель изображения

reprographic appearing image — репрографическое изображение

mirror an image — получить зеркальное отражение изображения

9. проявленное изображение

gray scale image — полутоновое изображение

gray-level image — полутоновое изображение

gray-scale image — полутоновое изображение

image communication — передача изображения

image detector — формирователь изображения

10. проявленный фотоснимок

developed silver image — проявленное серебряное изображение

developed xerographic image — проявленное электрофотографическое изображение

direct image — изображение, полученное непосредственно на форме или бумаге

direct-viewing image — прямое изображение

distorted image — искажённое изображение

dot element image — точечное изображение

5?7 dot-matrix image — точечное матричное изображение 5?7

double image — сдвоенное изображение

dye image — красочное изображение, изображение, образованное красителем

electrographic image — электрографическое изображение

electrophotographic image — электрофотографическое изображение

electronic image — электронное изображение

electronic page image — электронное изображение полосы

electrooptical image — электрографическое изображение

electrostatic charged image — зарядное изображение, зарядный рельеф

electrostatic image — электростатическое изображение

enlarged image — увеличенное изображение

erect image — прямое изображение

facsimile image — факсимильное изображение

film image — плёночное изображение, изображение на фотоплёнке

fine-grain image — мелкозернистое изображение

first-generation image — изображение первого поколения, изображение-оригинал

11. плоское изображение

image transfer device — устройство для переноса изображения

image fusing device — устройство для оплавления изображения

electrostatic latent image — электростатическое изображение

cine-oriented image — правильно ориентированное изображение

unsharp image — нечеткое изображение; нерезкое изображение

12. малоконтрастное изображение; вялое изображение

foggy image — вуалированное изображение

frost image — изображение, образуемое узорами, напоминающими узоры на замёрзшем стекле

full-format image — полноформатное изображение

full-size image — полноразмерное репрографическое изображение

gelatine relief image — рельефное изображение на желатиновом слое

to fix the toner image — закреплять порошковое изображение

image transfer — передача изображения; перенос изображения

image formation process — процесс формирования изображения

image erasing device — устройство для стирания изображения

image aspect ratio — отношение ширины изображения к высоте

13. термопроявленное изображение

intensified image — усиленное изображение

intrinsic image — особенность изображения

inversed image — перевернутое изображение

magnified image — увеличенное изображение

rendered image — тонированное изображение

14. термографическое изображение

high-density image — изображение высокой оптической плотности

highly-resolved image — изображение с высоким разрешением

hydrotype image — гидротипное изображение

indistinct image — нерезкое изображение

infrared absorbing image — изображение, поглощающее инфракрасное излучение

ink image — красочное изображение

intermediate image — промежуточное изображение

real-time image — изображение в реальном масштабе времени

raster image processing — растровая развертка изображения

live and reference image — "живое " и опорное изображение

image management system — система управления изображением

binary image — двоичное отображение; бинарное изображение

15. прообраз

16. зеркальное изображение

inverted image — зеркальное изображение

latent image — скрытое изображение

latent magnetic image — скрытое магнитное изображение

laterally reversed image — зеркальное изображение

light image — оптическое изображение

line image — штриховое изображение

magnetic image — магнитное изображение

master image — базовый знак

metal-plated image — изображение, усиленное путём нанесения на него тонкой плёнки металла

microfiche image — кадр микрофиши

microfilm image — кадр микрофильма

migration image — миграционное изображение

mirror image — зеркальное изображение

moving projected image — изображение, получаемое путём развёртки с помощью оптической системы

negative image — негативное изображение, негатив

negative appearing image — негативное изображение

negatively charged latent image — отрицательно заряженное скрытое изображение

nitrogen gas image — изображение, образованное пузырьками азота

optical image — оптическое изображение

out-of-focus image — изображение не в фокусе, нерезкое изображение

parasitic image — паразитное изображение

particulate image — порошковое изображение

persistent conductivity image — изображение, сформированное на основе устойчивой внутренней проводимости

photoelectret image — фотоэлектретное изображение

photoelectrophoretic image — фотоэлектрофоретическое изображение

photographic image — фотографическое изображение

pigment image — окрашенное изображение

plate image — изображение на форме

point image — точечное изображение, изображение, разбитое на точки

positive image — позитивное изображение, позитив

positive appearing image — позитивное изображение

powder image — порошковое изображение

projected image — спроецированное изображение

real image — действительное изображение

reduced image — уменьшенное изображение

reflected image — отражённое изображение

repetitive image — повторное изображение

reproduced image — репродуцированное изображение; изображение, отпечатанное фотографическим способом

reproducing image — воспроизводимое изображение

image buffering — буферизация изображения

image deformation — искажение изображения

image registration — приводка изображения

image task — задача обработки изображения

reversed image — перевернутое изображение

17. изображение, оставшееся на офсетной поверхности после получения оттиска

half-tone image — полутоновое изображение

heat image — термографическое изображение

image acquisition — получение изображений

sagittal image — сагиттальное изображение

diminished image — уменьшенное изображение

18. остаточное изображение

resist image — устойчивое изображение

reverse image — зеркальное изображение

rippled image — мелкорельефное изображение, мелкий рельеф

scanned image — сканируемое изображение

screen image — растровое изображение

screened image — растрированное изображение

secondary image — вторичное изображение

sharp image — резкое изображение

sharpened image — изображение с уменьшенными элементами

silver photographic image — серебряное фотографическое изображение

soft image — вялое изображение

softened image — размягчённое изображение

solvent-resistant image — нерастворимое изображение

stationary optical image — неподвижное оптическое изображение

stencil image — трафаретное изображение

stereoscopic image — стереоскопическое изображение

stretched image — растянутое изображение

surface charge image — поверхностное зарядное изображение; поверхностный зарядный рельеф

tacky image — липкое изображение

test image — тестовое изображение, контрольное изображение; мира

thermal image — термическое изображение

thickened image — усиленное изображение

toned image — изображение, проявленное тонером

toner image — изображение, проявленное тонером, порошковое изображение

toner-delimited image — проявленное изображение

transfer image — перенесённое изображение

upright-oriented image — вертикальное изображение

varnished image — лакированный оттиск

vesicular image — везикулярное изображение

rotate image — вращать изображение; вращение изображения

reproduction of the image — воспроизведение изображения

plate image length — длина изображения на печатной форме

low-resolution image — изображение с невысокой четкостью

low-definition image — изображение с невысокой четкостью

19. видимое изображение

nondistinct image — нечеткое изображение

standard image — изображение в стандарте

animated image — динамическое изображение

brightness of image — яркость изображения

enlarged image — увеличенное изображение

20. визуальное изображение

wysiwyg image — полноценное изображение

image transfer member — элемент для переноса изображения

image scanning system — система сканирования изображения

image dissection — развёртка или разложение изображения

image bearing surface — поверхность, несущая изображение

chemical image transfer — химический перенос изображения

English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > image
20 switchboard
коммутатор
Устройство, обеспечивающее посредством включения, отключения и переключения электрических цепей выбор требуемой выходной цепи и соединение с ней входной цепи
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

Тематики
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
EN
- commutator
- switchboard
DE
FR
- commutateur
коммутаторная панель
распределительный щит
Устройство, конструктивно объединяющее несколько коммутационных элементов, предназначенных для включения, отключения и переключения электрических цепей и каналов связи в ручном режиме.
[Л.М. Невдяев. Телекоммуникационные технологии. Англо-русский толковый словарь-справочник. Под редакцией Ю.М. Горностаева. Москва, 2002]

Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
Синонимы
- распределительный щит
EN
- switchboard
коммутационный щит
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
- switchboard
низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]

низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
Примечания
1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]

EN

power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
[IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]

switchgear and controlgear
a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[IEV number 441-11-01]

switchgear and controlgear
electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

switchboard
A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
[ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]

switchboard
One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
[ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]

FR

ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

appareillage, m
matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

appareillage
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
[IEV number 441-11-01]

A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
1. Live-front vertical panels
2. Dead-front boards
3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)

[American electricians’ handbook]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.

Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.

The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.

It specifies in particular:

> the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;

> the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.

All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.

Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.

A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.

Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.

What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.

[Schneider Electric]

НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.

Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.

Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).

В частности, он определяет:

> распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;

> конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.

В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.

Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.

Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.

Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.

Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.

[Перевод Интент]

LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.

The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.

In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.

Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.

The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.

[ABB]

Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.

Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам

Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.

Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются

Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
Классификация
>>>
Действия
Синонимы
Сопутствующие термины
- изготовитель НКУ
EN
DE
- Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte
FR
распределительное устройство
Распределительным устройством (РУ) называется электроустановка, служащая для приема и распределения электроэнергии и содержащая сборные и соединительные шины, коммутационные аппараты, вспомогательные устройства (компрессорные, аккумуляторные и др.), а также устройства защиты, автоматики и измерительные приборы.
[РД 34.20.185-94]

распределительное устройство
Электроустановка, предназначенная для приема и распределения электрической энергии на одном напряжении и содержащая коммутационные аппараты и соединяющие их сборные шины [секции шин], устройства управления и защиты.
Примечание. К устройствам управления относятся аппараты и связывающие их элементы обеспечивающие контроль, измерение, сигнализацию и выполнение команд.
[ ГОСТ 24291-90]
[ ГОСТ Р 53685-2009]

электрическое распределительное устройство
распределительное устройство
Устройство, предназначенное для приема и распределения электроэнергии на одном напряжении и содержащее коммутационные аппараты и соединяющие их сборные соединительные устройства.
Примечание. В состав распределительного устройства дополнительно могут входить устройства защиты и управления
[ОСТ 45.55-99]

распределительное устройство
Электроустановка, служащая для приема и распределения электроэнергии и содержащая коммутационные аппараты, сборные и соединительные шины, вспомогательные устройства (компрессорные, аккумуляторные и др.), а также устройства защиты, автоматики и измерительные приборы.
[ПОТ Р М-016-2001]
[РД 153-34.0-03.150-00]

устройство распределительное
Совокупность аппаратов и приборов для приёма и распределения электроэнергии одного напряжения, вырабатываемой электростанцией или преобразуемой подстанцией
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

EN

switching substation
a substation which includes switchgear and usually busbars, but no power transformers
[IEV number 605-01-02]

FR

poste de sectionnement
poste de coupure
poste comprenant des organes de manoeuvre et généralement des jeux de barres, à l'exclusion de transformateurs de puissance
[IEV number 605-01-02]

В качестве РУ 6—10 кВ используется сборка высокого напряжения с однополюсными разъединителями и вертикальным расположением фаз одного присоединения и одна камера КСО с выключателем нагрузки и предохранителями для подключения трансформатора. Для РУ 0,4 кВ применяются сборки низкого напряжения с предохранителями и вертикальным расположением фаз одного присоединения.
На ПС применяются открытые (ОРУ), закрытые (ЗРУ) или комплектные (КРУ) распределительные устройства.

[ http://energy-ua.com/elektricheskie-p/klassifikatsiya.html]

КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ

В общем случае ПС и РУ являются составной частью электроустановок, которые различаются:
- по назначению:
  - генерирующие,
  - преобразовательно-распределительные,
  - потребительские.
    
    Генерирующие электроустановки служат для выработки электроэнергии, преобразовательно-распределительные электроустановки преобразуют электроэнергию в удобный для передачи и потребления вид, передают ее и распределяют между потребителями;
- по роду тока:
  - постоянного тока,
  - переменного тока.
- по напряжению:
  - до 1000 В,
  - выше 1000 В.
Шкала номинальных напряжений ограничена сравнительно небольшим числом стандартных значений, благодаря чему изготавливается небольшое число типоразмеров машин и оборудования, а электросети выполняются более экономичными. В установках трехфазного тока номинальным напряжением принято считать напряжение между фазами (междуфазовое напряжение). Согласно ГОСТ 29322—92 установлена следующая шкала номинальных напряжений:

для электросетей переменного тока частотой 50 Гц междуфазовое напряжение должно быть: 12, 24, 36, 42, 127, 220, 380 В; 3, 6, 10, 20, 35, 110, 150, 220, 330, 500, 750 и 1150 кВ;
для электросетей постоянного тока: 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 110, 220, 440, 660, 825, 3000 В и выше.
- по способу присоединения к электросети ПС разделяются на:
  - тупиковые (блочные),
  - ответвительные (блочные),
  - проходные (транзитные)
  - узловые.
Тупиковые ПС получают питание по одной или двум тупиковым ВЛ.

Ответвительные ПС присоединяются ответвлением к одной или двум проходящим ВЛ с односторонним или двухсторонним питанием.

Проходные ПС включаются в рассечку одной или двух проходящих ВЛ с односторонним или двухсторонним питанием.

Узловые ПС кроме питающих имеют отходящие радиальные или транзитные ВЛ.
- по способу управления ПС могут быть:
  - только с телесигнализацией,
  - телеуправляемыми с телесигнализацией,
  - с телесигнализацией и управлением с общеподстанционного пункта управления (ОПУ).
Подстанции оперативно обслуживаются постоянным дежурным персоналом на щите управления, дежурными на дому или оперативно-выездными бригадами (ОВБ). Ремонт ПС осуществляется специализированными выездными бригадами централизованного ремонта или местным персоналом подстанции.

В РУ напряжением до 1000 В провода, шины, аппараты, приборы и конструкции выбирают как по нормальным условиям работы (напряжению и току), так и по термическим и динамическим воздействиям токов коротких замыканий (КЗ) или предельно допустимой отключаемой мощности.

В РУ и ПС напряжением выше 1000 В расстояния между электрооборудованием, аппаратами, токоведущими частями, изоляторами, ограждениями и конструкциями устанавливаются так, чтобы при нормальном режиме работы электроустановки возникающие физические явления (температура нагрева, электрическая дуга, выброс газов, искрение и др.) не могли привести к повреждению оборудования и КЗ.

[ http://energy-ua.com/elektricheskie-p/klassifikatsiya.html]

Several different classifications of switchgear can be made:
- By the current rating.
- By interrupting rating (maximum short circuit current that the device can safely interrupt)
  - Circuit breakers can open and close on fault currents
  - Load-break/Load-make switches can switch normal system load currents
  - Isolators may only be operated while the circuit is dead, or the load current is very small.
- By voltage class:
  - Low voltage (less than 1,000 volts AC)
  - Medium voltage (1,000–35,000 volts AC)
  - High voltage (more than 35,000 volts AC)
- By insulating medium:
  - Air
  - Gas (SF6 or mixtures)
  - Oil
  - Vacuum
- By construction type:
  - Indoor (further classified by IP (Ingress Protection) class or NEMA enclosure type)
  - Outdoor
  - Industrial
  - Utility
  - Marine
  - Draw-out elements (removable without many tools)
  - Fixed elements (bolted fasteners)
  - Live-front
  - Dead-front
  - Open
  - Metal-enclosed
  - Metal-clad
  - Metal enclosed & Metal clad
  - Arc-resistant
- By IEC degree of internal separation
  - No Separation (Form 1)
  - Busbars separated from functional units (Form 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b)
  - Terminals for external conductors separated from busbars (Form 2b, 3b, 4a, 4b)
  - Terminals for external conductors separated from functional units but not from each other (Form 3a, 3b)
  - Functional units separated from each other (Form 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b)
  - Terminals for external conductors separated from each other (Form 4a, 4b)
  - Terminals for external conductors separate from their associated functional unit (Form 4b)
- By interrupting device:
- By operating method:
  - Manually operated
  - Motor/stored energy operated
  - Solenoid operated
- By type of current:
  - Alternating current
  - Direct current
- By application:
  - Transmission system
  - Distribution
- By purpose
  - Isolating switches (disconnectors)
  - Load-break switches.
  - Grounding (earthing) switches
A single line-up may incorporate several different types of devices, for example, air-insulated bus, vacuum circuit breakers, and manually operated switches may all exist in the same row of cubicles.

Ratings, design, specifications and details of switchgear are set by a multitude of standards. In North America mostly IEEE and ANSI standards are used, much of the rest of the world uses IEC standards, sometimes with local national derivatives or variations.

[Robert W. Smeaton (ed) Switchgear and Control Handbook 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, new York 1997]
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltage_switchgear]

Тематики
- электрификация, электроснабж. железных дорог
- электроагрегаты генераторные
- электробезопасность
- электроснабжение в целом
Синонимы
- РУ
- электрическое распределительное устройство
EN
DE
- Schaltanlage
- Schaltstation
FR
распределительный щит
Комплектное устройство, содержащее различную коммутационную аппаратуру, соединенное с одной или более отходящими электрическими цепями, питающееся от одной или более входящих цепей, вместе с зажимами для присоединения нейтральных и защитных проводников.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

щит распределительный
Электротехническое устройство, объединяющее коммутационную, регулирующую и защитную аппаратуру, а также контрольно-измерительные и сигнальные приборы
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

распределительный щит
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

EN

distribution board
assembly containing different types of switchgear and controlgear associated with one or more outgoing electric circuits fed from one or more incoming electric circuits, together with terminals for the neutral and protective conductors.
[IEV number 826-16-08]

FR

tableau de répartition, m
ensemble comportant différents types d'appareillage associés à un ou plusieurs circuits électriques de départ alimentés par un ou plusieurs circuits électriques d'arrivée, ainsi que des bornes pour les conducteurs neutre et de protection.
[IEV number 826-16-08]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Distribution switchboards, including the Main LV Switchboard (MLVS), are critical to the dependability of an electrical installation. They must comply with well-defined standards governing the design and construction of LV switchgear assemblies

A distribution switchboard is the point at which an incoming-power supply divides into separate circuits, each of which is controlled and protected by the fuses or switchgear of the switchboard. A distribution switchboard is divided into a number of functional units, each comprising all the electrical and mechanical elements that contribute to the fulfilment of a given function. It represents a key link in the dependability chain.

Consequently, the type of distribution switchboard must be perfectly adapted to its application. Its design and construction must comply with applicable standards and working practises.

[Schneider Electric]

Распределительные щиты, включая главный распределительный щит низкого напряжения (ГРЩ), играют решающую роль в обеспечении надежности электроустановки. Они должны отвечать требованиям соответствующих стандартов, определяющих конструкцию и порядок изготовления НКУ распределения электроэнергии.

В распределительном щите выполняется прием электроэнергии и ее распределение по отдельным цепям, каждая из которых контролируется и защищается плавкими предохранителями или автоматическими выключателями.
Распределительный щит состоит из функциональных блоков, включающих в себя все электрические и механические элементы, необходимые для выполнения требуемой функции. Распределительный щит представляет собой ключевое звено в цепи обеспечения надежности.

Тип распределительного щита должен соответствовать области применения. Конструкция и изготовление распределительного щита должны удовлетворять требованиям применимых стандартов и учитывать накопленную практику применения.

[Перевод Интент]

Рис. Schneider Electric

With Prisma Plus G you can be sure to build 100% Schneider Electric switchboards that are safe, optimised:

> All components (switchgear, distribution blocks, prefabricated connections, etc.) are perfectly rated and coordinated to work together;

> All switchboard configurations, even the most demanding ones, have been tested.

You can prove that your switchboard meets the current standards, at any time.

You can be sure to build a reliable electrical installation and give your customers full satisfaction in terms of dependability and safety for people and the installation.

Prisma Plus G with its discreet design, blends harmoniously into all tertiary and industrial buildings, including in entrance halls and passageways.

With Prisma Plus G you can build just the right switchboard for your customer, sized precisely to fit costs and needs.

With this complete, prefabricated and tested system, it's easy to upgrade your installation and still maintain the performance levels.

> The wall-mounted and floor-standing enclosures combine easily with switchboards already in service.

> Devices can be replaced or added at any time.

[Schneider Electric]

С помощью оболочек Prisma Plus G можно создавать безопасные распределительные щиты, на 100 % состоящие из изделий Schneider Electric:

> все изделия (коммутационная аппаратура, распределительные блоки, готовые заводские соединения и т. д.) полностью совместимы механически и электрически;

> все варианты компоновки распределительных щитов, в том числе для наиболее ответственных применений, прошли испытания.

В любое время вы можете доказать, что ваши распределительные щиты полностью соответствуют требованиям действующих стандартов.

Вы можете быть полностью уверены в том, что создаете надежные электроустановки, удовлетворяющие всем требованиям безопасности для людей и оборудования

Благодаря строгому дизайну, распределительные щиты Prisma Plus G гармонично сочетаются с интерьером любого общественного или промышленного здания. Они хорошо смотрятся и в вестибюле, и в коридоре.

Применяя оболочки Prisma Plus G можно создавать распределительные щиты, точно соответствующие требованиям заказчика как с точки зрения технических характеристик, так и стоимости.

С помощью данной испытанной системы, содержащей все необходимые компоненты заводского изготовления можно легко модернизировать существующую электроустановку и поддерживать её уровни производительности.

> Навесные и напольные оболочки можно легко присоединить к уже эксплуатируемым распределительным щитам.

> Аппаратуру можно заменять или добавлять в любое время.

[Перевод Интент]

The switchboard, central to the electrical installation.

Both the point of arrival of energy and a device for distribution to the site applications, the LV switchboard is the intelligence of the system, central to the electrical installation.

[Schneider Electric]

Распределительный щит – «сердце» электроустановки.

Низковольтное комплектное устройство распределения является «сердцем» электроустановки, поскольку именно оно принимает электроэнергию из сети и распределяет её по территориально распределенным нагрузкам.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
- электроснабжение в целом
EN
DE
- elektrischer Verteiler, m
- Schalttafel
- Verteiler, m
FR
- tableau de distribution
- tableau de répartition, m
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > switchboard

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

Quad Full High Definition — 2160p is the shorthand name for the next step and the future of HDTV video modes. It has a resolution of 3840x2160. The number 2160 stands for 2160 lines of horizontal display resolution, while the letter p stands for progressive scan or non… … Wikipedia
High Definition Television — [haɪ ˌdɛfɪˈnɪʃən ˈtɛlɪvɪʒən] (HDTV, engl. für hochauflösendes Fernsehen) ist ein Sammelbegriff, der eine Reihe von Fernsehnormen bezeichnet, die sich gegenüber dem Standard Definition Television (SDTV) durch eine erhöhte vertikale, horizontale… … Deutsch Wikipedia
High-definition video — High definition (HD) video generally refers to any video system of higher resolution than standard definition (SD) video, most commonly at display resolutions of 1280×720 (720p) or 1920×1080 (1080i or 1080p). This article discusses the general… … Wikipedia
High Definition Video — (kurz HD Video oder HDV, englisch für Hochauflösendes Video) ist der Oberbegriff für hochauflösende digitale Videoformate. Der Begriff stellt – neben der aktuellen 3D Technik – die aktuelle Entwicklungsstufe in der Videotechnik dar und löst seit… … Deutsch Wikipedia
High-definition television in the United Kingdom — High definition television broadcasts began in the United Kingdom in 2006. They are available on free to air digital satellite, the Sky HD satellite service and Virgin Media (cable) with BBC, ITV and Channel 4 channels available under contracts… … Wikipedia
High-definition television — Logo High definition television (HDTV) is video that has resolution substantially higher than that of traditional television systems (standard definition television). HDTV has one or two million pixels per frame, roughly five times that of SD… … Wikipedia
High-Definition Multimedia Interface — Infobox connector name=High Definition Multimedia Interface type=Digital audio/video connector logo= caption=HDMI cable and HDMI official logo designer=HDMI Founders design date=December 2002 manufacturer=HDMI Adopters production date=2003… … Wikipedia
High-definition television in the United States — The FCC has notified U.S. television broadcasters that the standard for transmitting TV over the air shall change from analog to digital. While there are many technical, political, and economic reasons for and implications of this change, the end … Wikipedia
High-Definition Multimedia Interface — Connecteur HDMI (type A) Le High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) (en français, « Interface Multimédia Haute Définition ») est une norme et interface audio/vidéo totalement numérique pour transmettre des flux chiffrés,… … Wikipédia en Français
High-definition pre-recorded media and compression — The first attempt at producing pre recorded HDTV media was a scarce Japanese analog MUSE encoded laser disc which is no longer produced. See MUSE LD.In the U.S. market, the first currently available prerecorded HD media was D Theater. Comprising… … Wikipedia
High Definition Multimedia Interface — HDMI Logo HDMI Stecker … Deutsch Wikipedia

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

full high definition

Тематики

EN

Тематики

EN

Тематики

Синонимы

EN

DE

FR

Тематики

EN

DE

FR

Тематики

Синонимы

EN

Тематики

EN

DE

FR

Тематики

Синонимы

EN

Тематики

EN

Тематики

Классификация

Действия

Синонимы

Сопутствующие термины

EN

DE

FR

Тематики

Синонимы

EN

DE

FR

Тематики

EN

DE

FR

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка: